pforams@mikrotax - Catapsydrax unicavus

Citation: Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich&Tappan 1957

Synonyms:

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan 1957:37, pl. 7: fig. 9a-c [upper Oligocene Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad], pl. 37, fig. 7a, b [middle Eocene Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad].—Leckie and others, 1993:123, pl. 3, fig. 15 [lower Oligocene Zone P19, ODP Hole 803D, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Cicha and others, 1998:89, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2 [lower Kiscellian = lower Oligocene, Central Paratethys, Austrian Molasse Basin].—Olsson and others, 2006a:75, (partim) pl. 5.3, figs. 1-3 [SEM of holotype of C. unicavus], figs. 4, 14 and 16 [middle Eocene Zone E11, Guayabal Fm, Tampico, Mexico].—Pearson and Wade, 2009:200-202, pl. 2, fig. 2a-g [upper Oligocene ‘Biozone O6’ (now O7), Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Pearson and Wade, 2015:8, figs. 4.1a-d [SEM of holotype of Globigerinita unicava primitiva Blow and Banner], figs. 4.2a-c [lower Oligocene Zone O1, TDP Site 17, Tanzania], figs. 4.3a-4 [lower Oligocene Zone O1, TDP Site 12, Tanzania], fig. 4.5a-c [upper Eocene Zone E15/16, TDP Site 12, Tanzania].
Globorotaloides suteri Bolli.—Bolli, 1957:116 (partim, not holotype), pl. 27, figs. 9-13b [mid- Oligocene Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Blow and Banner, 1962:112-113, pl. XIII, figs. N-P [lower Oligocene Globigerina oligocaenica Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania].—Blow, 1979:1358, pl. 247, figs. 9, 10 [lower Oligocene Zone P18, Lindi, Tanzania].—Spezzaferri, 1994:45, pl. 34, fig. 5a-c [lower Oligocene Subzone P21a, ODP Hole 709B, equatorial Indian Ocean]. [Not Bolli, 1957.]
Globigerinita unicava (Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan).—Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1307, pl. 25, fig. 5 [upper Oligocene Zone N2, DSDP Hole 64, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Krasheninnikov and Pflaumann, 1977:592, pl. 7, figs. 4a,b, 5, 6a-c [upper Oligocene Zone P18/P19, DSDP Hole 369A, African margin, eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean].
Catapsydrax unicava unicava Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan.—Quilty, 1976, pl. 8, figs. 2, 3, [lower Oligocene Zone P19, DSDP Hole 321, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean].
Globigerinita unicava unicava (Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan).—Hooyberghs and others, 1992:9, pl. 6, figs. 10-13 [lower Oligocene Zone P19, Boom Clay, Belgium].
Globigerina simulans Bermúdez, 1961:1198, pl. 6, fig. 1a; pl. 15, fig. 3a-b; pl. 6, fig. 16 [upper Eocene, Jacabo Fm., Cuba].
Globigerinita simulans (Bermúdez).—Blow, 1979:1343-1345, pl. 186, figs. 6, 7 [middle Eocene Zone P12, DSDP Site 19, central South Atlantic Ocean].
Globigerinita unicava primitiva Blow and Banner, 1962:114-115, pl. XIV, figs. J-L [upper Eocene Globigerapsis semi-involuta Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania].— Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1307, pl. 25, figs. 7, 8 [upper Oligocene Zone N4, DSDP Hole 64, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Krasheninnikov and Basov, 1983:839, pl. 6, figs. 9, 10 [lower Oligocene, DSDP Hole 513A, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean].—Hooyberghs and others, 1992:9, pl. 6, figs. 6-9 [lower Oligocene Zone P19=O2, Boom Clay, Belgium].
Catapsydrax unicava primitiva (Blow and Banner).—Quilty, 1976:641, pl. 8, fig. 1 [“specimen since lost” exact sample not given but listed range: upper Eocene to lower Miocene Zone N4, DSDP Hole 320B/321, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean].
Globigerinita pera (Todd).—Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1306, pl. 25, figs. 1-3, [upper Oligocene Zone N3, DSDP Hole 64, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Krasheninnikov and Basov, 1983:839, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4 [upper Eocene, DSDP Hole 511, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean].—Hooyberghs and others, 1992:9, pl. 6, figs. 3-5 [lower Oligocene Zone P20, Boom Clay, Belgium]. [Not Todd, 1957.]
Catapsydrax pera (Todd).—Quilty, 1976:641, pl. 7, figs. 20, 21 [lower Oligocene Zone P18, DSDP Hole 321, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean].—Cicha and others, 1998:88, pl. 40, figs. 3-5 [sporadic range up to Kiscellian, lower Kiscellian = lower Oligocene, Pouzdrany unit, Moravia, Czech Republic, Central Paratethys]. [Not Todd, 1957.]
Catapsydrax perus (Todd).—Fleisher, 1974:1016, pl. 4, fig. 7 [Oligocene Zone P18-P19, DSDP Hole 219, Arabian Sea, northern Indian Ocean]. [Not Todd, 1957.]
Globigerinita martini scandretti Blow and Banner.—Hooyberghs and De Meuter, 1972:32, pl. 11 figs. 2a-c [upper Oligocene, Edegem Sands, Antwerpen-Zuidstation section, Belgium].—Hooyberghs and others, 1992:9, pl. 5, figs. 19, 20, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, [lower Oligocene Zone P20, Boom Clay, Belgium]. [Not Blow and Banner, 1962.]
Catapsydrax boweni (Brönnimann and Resig).—Quilty, 1976:641, pl. 7, figs. 9, 10 [upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Zone N8, DSDP Site 319, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean]. [Not Brönnimann and Resig.]
Catapsydrax martini martini (Blow and Banner).—Quilty, 1976:641, pl. 7, figs. 16, 17 [lower Oligocene Zone P18, DSDP Site 321, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean]. [Not Blow and Banner, 1962.]
Globigerinita martini martini (Blow and Banner).—Hooyberghs and others, 1992:9, pl. 5, figs. 15-18 [lower Oligocene Zone P20, Boom Clay, Belgium]. [Not Blow and Banner, 1962.]
Globigerinita martini Blow and Banner.—Krasheninnikov and Basov, 1983:839, pl. 6, figs. 5-8 [lower Oligocene, DSDP Hole 513A, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean]. [Not Blow and Banner, 1962.]
Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan.—Quilty, 1976:679, pl. 7, figs. 18, 19 [lower Miocene Zone N8 = M5, DSDP Hole 319, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean.—Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983:26, pl. 2, fig. 2, pl. 3, figs. 7-9 [lower Miocene Praeorbulina glomerosa Zone, DSDP Hole 208, Lord Howe Rise, northern Tasman Sea]. [Not Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957.]
Globorotaloides turgidus (Finlay).—Krasheninnikov and Basov, 1983:840, pl. 7, figs. 7-9 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 512, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean]. [Not Finlay, 1939.]
Catapsydrax cf. riveroae (Bermúdez).—Cicha and others, 1998:88, pl. 40, figs. 6, 7 [lower Oligocene, Pouzdrany unit, Moravia, Czech Republic, Central Paratethys]. [Not Bermúdez, 1961.]
Not Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan.—Olsson and others, 2006a:75 (partim), pl. 5.3, figs. 9-11 [SEMs of holotype of Globorotaloides suteri].

Taxonomic discussion:

Catapsydrax unicavus is the most common and long-ranging species in the genus, extending from the early Eocene to early Miocene. An important aspect of our taxonomy is the resurrection of Globorotaloides suteri Bolli. In the Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera, Globorotaloides suteri was considered a junior synonym of Catapsydrax unicavus because of similarities between the holotypes (Olsson and others, 2006a). These early images of the holotype of Globorotaloides suteri, however, were of limited quality. Based on evidence from new SEM images of the G. suteri type, which better represent the morphology of the spiral side, we now separate the two (see discussion under the Globorotaloides suteri entry). It is now clear that G. suteri has a distinctly flattened spiral side (Pl. 4.10, Figs. 5-7 and 11-13), as originally described by Bolli and others (1957). Moreover, C. unicavus has an obligate bulla whereas bullate and non-bullate forms of G. suteri occur. The type specimen of Blow and Banner’s (1962) subspecies Globigerinita unicava primitiva from the upper Eocene of Tanzania was illustrated and discussed by Pearson and Wade (2015) where it was included in synonymy with Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, although we recognize there may be grounds for separation of the taxa based on the greater inflation of both chambers and bulla in primitiva (see Pearson and Wade, 2015, for additional discussion). Catapsydrax unicavus is common in the type region of the Oligocene Chattian and Rupelian stages in Boreal northwest Europe (Hooyberghs and De Meuter, 1972; Hooyberghs and others, 1992). The various forms from the North Sea ‘Boom Clay’ and ‘Edgdem Sands’, referred by Hooyberghs and De Meuter (1972) and Hooyberghs and others (1992) to a variety of species and subspecies of Globigerinita (including pera, scandretti, primitiva and unicavus), we now regard as C. unicavus.

In the Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera Olsson and others (2006a) regarded Globigerina simulans Bermúdez (1961), which has a flat bulla covering the umbilical region, as a junior synonym of C. dissimilis. New SEM images of the holotype of simulans (not shown but available at the USNM collection archive), show that it has a single posterior infralaminal aperture, which is a definitive characteristic of C. unicavus.

As discussed, [see genus Catapsydrax] by including Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan of Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) in our concept of C. unicavus, the range of this species (and thus the genus Catapsydrax), extends into the upper Miocene (Zone M12). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Distinguishing features:
Parent taxon (Catapsydrax): Like Globorotaloides but more compact, radially compressed, with appressed inflated chambers in the final whorl, and always with bulla
This taxon: Moderately low trochospiral, compact to slightly lobulate test; Chambers globular, embracing, increasing rapidly in size. Terminal bulla extends over the umbilicus and has 1 infralaminal aperture.

Description

Moderately low trochospiral, compact to slightly lobulate test consisting of about 2½-3 whorls. Chambers globular, embracing, increasing rapidly in size with a terminal bulla extending over the umbilicus. The bulla may be flattened or inflated, and has a continuous, thickened imperforate rim and a single infralaminal aperture in a posterior position. The early ontogenetic whorl, comprising ~5 chambers, is somewhat flattened and typically raised slightly above the adult whorl. The adult whorl has 3-4 globular chambers increasing rapidly in size. Sutures, straight on the umbilical side, slightly curved on the spiral side and moderately depressed. The primary aperture small, semi-circular low umbilical arch, visible only when the bulla is broken or missing. The edge profile is an ovoid revealing the embracing bulla. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Cancellate, sacculifer-type wall texture, generally with heavy gametogenetic calcification in adult specimens. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Holotype maximum diameter 0.22 mm, thickness 0.17 mm. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Global, including high latitudes. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Catapsydrax unicavus, like other species of Catapsydrax, registers among the highest δ18O values of assemblages and lowest δ13C indicating it was a thermocline to sub-thermocline calcifier (Poore and Matthews, 1984; Arthur and others, 1989; van Eijden and Ganssen, 1995; Sexton and others, 2006; Wade and others, 2007; Pearson and Wade, 2009; Spezzaferri and Pearson 2009; Moore and others, 2014). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

The origin of Catapsydrax unicavus is uncertain. It probably evolved from Globorotaloides quadrocameratus in the early Eocene, which would preserve Catapsydrax as a sister clade of Globorotaloides (Olsson and others, 2006a). Another possibility is that it was derived from a subbotinid such as Subbotina cancellata (Olsson and Others, 2006b). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Biostratigraphic distribution

Geological Range:
Notes: Lower Eocene Zone E2 (Olsson and others, 2006a) to the upper Miocene Zone M12 (= N15) (based on including C. parvulus of Kennett & Srinivasan; see taxonomic discussion above). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]
Last occurrence (top): within M12 zone (9.83-10.46Ma, top in Tortonian stage). Data source: Olsson et al. 2006 f5.1
First occurrence (base): within E2 zone (55.20-55.81Ma, base in Ypresian stage). Data source: Olsson et al. 2006 f5.1

Primary source for this page: Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018 - Olig Atlas chap.4 p.88; Olsson et al. 2006 - Eocene Atlas, chap. 5, p. 75

References:

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test outline:	Lobate	chamber arrangement:	Trochospiral	edge view:	Inequally biconvex	aperture:	Umbilical
sp chamber shape:	Globular	coiling axis:	Low	periphery:	N/A	aperture border:	Bulla
umb chbr shape:	Globular	umbilicus:	Narrow	periph margin shape:	Broadly rounded	accessory apertures:	Infralaminal
spiral sutures:	Moderately depressed	umb depth:	Deep	wall texture:	Spinose	shell porosity:	Finely Perforate: 1-2.5µm
umbilical or test sutures:	Moderately depressed	final-whorl chambers:	4-4	N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not applicable

Catapsydrax unicavus

Taxonomy

Description

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Biostratigraphic distribution

References:

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