pforams@mikrotax - Tenuitella gemma

Citation: Tenuitella gemma (Jenkins 1966)

Synonyms:

Globigerina postcretacea Myatliuk.—Subbotina, 1953:60, pl. 2, figs. 16a-20c [lower Oligocene, northern Caucasus].—Saito and Bé, 1964, fig. 2 (two specimens on figure, as indicated in the caption) [Oligocene, Vicksburg Group, U.S. Gulf Coast region]. [Not Myatliuk, 1950.]
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) postcretacea (Myatliuk).—Blow and Banner, 1962:120-121, pl. 12, figs. G-J [Oligocene Globigerina oligocaenica Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania]. [Not Myatliuk, 1950.]
“Globorotalia” postcretacea (Myatliuk).—van Eijden and Smit, 1991:112, pl. 4, figs. 15-17 [lower Oligocene Zone P19/P20, ODP Hole 756C, Ninetyeast Ridge, equatorial Indian Ocean]. [Not Myatliuk, 1950.]
?Globigerinella liverovskae Bykova, 1960:322, pl. 7, figs. 1a-3c (no holotype or repository given; lectotype designated by Samuel and Salaj, 1968:122) [lower Oligocene (Rupelian), Globigerinella liverovskae Zone (Pg3), southern Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan].
?Globigerina khadumica Bykova, 1960:322, pl. 7, figs. 4-7 (no holotype or repository given; regarded as junior synonym of Globigerinella liverovskae Bykova by Samuel and Salaj, 1968) [lower Oligocene (Rupelian), Globigerinella liverovskae Zone (Pg3), southern Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan].
Globorotalia gemma Jenkins, 1966:1115, fig. 11, nos. 97-103 [lower Oligocene, Kakanui River, New Zealand].—Poore and Brabb, 1977:255, pl. 8, figs. 1-4 [Oligocene Rices Mudstone member, San Lorenzo Fm., California].—Toumarkine, 1978, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2 [lower Oligocene Turborotalia ampliapertura to Cassigerinella chipolensis / Pseudohastigerina micra Zone, DSDP Site 360, Cape Basin, South Atlantic Ocean].—Krasheninnikov and Basov, 1983:841, pl. 10, figs. 6-9 [lower Oligocene, DSDP Site 511, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean].—Poore, 1984:444, pl. 3, figs. 1-4 [lower Oligocene Zone OL1, DSDP Site 522, Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean].—Jenkins and Srinivasan, 1986:807, pl. 2, figs. 12-14 [lower Oligocene Globigerina brevis Zone, DSDP Site 592, Lord Howe Rise, South Pacific Ocean].
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) gemma (Jenkins).—Jenkins, 1971:115, pl. 10, figs. 263-269 [lower Oligocene, Kakanui River, New Zealand].—Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1313, pl. 32, figs. 2, 3 [upper Oligocene Zone N2, DSDP Hole 64.1, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Quilty, 1976: pl. 12, fig. 7 [upper Oligocene Zone N4, DSDP Hole 320B, southeastern Pacific Ocean].
Tenuitella gemma (Jenkins).—Fleisher, 1974:1033-1034, pl. 17, figs. 4, 6, 7 [lower Oligocene Zone P18-P19, DSDP Site 219, Arabian Sea].—Fleisher, 1975, pl. 3, figs. 5-7 [lower Oligocene “Turborotalia” ampliapertura Zone, DSDP Site 313, North Pacific Ocean].—Li, 1987:309, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7 [upper Oligocene Gr. opima opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad], fig. 8 [lower Oligocene G. ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Stott and Kennett, 1990:560, pl. 7, fig. 10 (dissolved and peeled specimen) [Oligocene Zone AP11, ODP Hole 689B, Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean].—Spezzaferri and Premoli Silva, 1991:257, pl. 18, fig. 6a-c [lower Oligocene Subzone P21a, DSDP Hole 538A, Gulf of Mexico].—Leckie and others, 1993:125 (part), pl. 6, fig. 6 [upper Oligocene Zone P22, ODP Hole 803D, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean], fig. 13 [upper Oligocene Zone P22, ODP Hole 628A, western North Atlantic Ocean].—Spezzaferri, 1994:60, pl. 31, figs. 1a-c [upper Oligocene Zone P22, DSDP Site 516, South Atlantic Ocean], pl. 32, fig. 8 [lower Oligocene Subzone P21a, DSDP Hole 538A, Gulf of Mexico].— Galeotti and others, 2002:379, pl. 3, figs. 11, 12 [upper Eocene / lower Oligocene, ODP Hole 1090B, Agulhas Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean].—Li and others, 2003b:16, pl. 2, fig. 7 [lower Oligocene Zone P18/P19, ODP Hole 1134A, Great Australian Bight].—Huber and others, 2006:488-489, pl. 16.7, figs. 15-17 (new illustrations of the holotype using SEM), figs. 19, 20 [upper Eocene Zone E16, ODP Hole 150X, Cape May Borehole, New Jersey].—Pearson and Wade, 2009:213, pl. 8, figs. 2a-c [upper Oligocene Zone O7, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Pearson and Wade, 2015, fig. 30.2a-b [lower Oligocene Zone O1, TDP Site 12, Stakishari, Tanzania].
Globorotalia cf. Globorotalia gemma Jenkins.—Leckie and Webb, 1986:1116, pl. 15, figs. 12, 13 [upper Oligocene-lower Miocene, DSDP Site 270, Ross Sea, Antarctica].
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) cifellii Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1278 (partim), pl. 42, figs. 2-5, 8, 9 [uppermost Oligocene Zone N3, DSDP Hole 64.1, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean]. Not pl. 42, fig. 1 = ? Ciperoella angulisuturalis. Not pl. 42, fig. 7 = ? Globorotaloides sp. Not pl. 42, fig. 6 = ? Ciperoella ciperoensis.
?Globorotalia (Turborotalia) nkbrowni Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1279-1280, pl. 40, figs. 1-8 [uppermost Oligocene Zone N3, DSDP Hole 64.1, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].
?“Tenuitella” nkbrowni (Brönnimann and Resig).—Li, 1987:310 [not illustrated].
Globorotalia munda Jenkins.—Krasheninnikov and Basov, 1983:841, pl. 10, figs. 10, 12 [lower Oligocene, DSDP Site 511, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean]. [Not Jenkins, 1966.]
Tenuitella neoclemenciae Li, 1987:310, pl. 2, figs. 1-4 [Oligocene G. ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Spezzaferri, 1994:60, pl. 31, figs. 4a-c [upper Oligocene Zone P22, DSDP Hole 516F, eastern South Atlantic Ocean].
Not Tenuitella gemma (Jenkins).—Berggren, 1992:564, pl. 4, fig. 12 [Oligocene, ODP Hole 748B, southern Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean] (=Tenuitella munda).

[Pearson et al. 2018]

Taxonomic discussion:

This species was discussed in the Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera by Huber and others (2006). Here we extend / modify the synonymy list as follows [Pearson et al. 2018]:

Globigerina postcretacea Myatliuk, 1970, is not considered to be a potential prior synonym but rather as nomen dubium non conservandum (see Chapter 20, this volume, for discussion).
Globigerinella liverovskae Bykova, 1960, and Globigerina khadumica Bykova, 1960 from the lower Oligocene of Kazakhstan are considered possibly referable to gemma although the specimens are now lost and these taxa are also considered nomen dubium non conservandum (Chapter 20, this volume).
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) cifellii Brönnimann and Resig was described from heavily recrystallized and overgrown material and it was unclear to us from the illustrations whether the figured specimens are of macroperforate or microperforate forms. We obtained new material from the type level to conduct new SEM investigations of the taphonomy and have concluded that the holotype of cifellii is a microperforate form most easily assigned to gemma, but that diagenesis has accentuated the pustules creating a misleading texture (which was used as part of the diagnosis by Brönnimann and Resig). However three of the figured paratypes are questionably referred by us to different small macroperforate species (see synonymy list above).
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) nkbrowni Brönnimann and Resig was described from the same recrystallized material as cifellii. It has a similar overall test morphology and wall texture to gemma (albeit recrystallized). The holotype and paratypes of nkbrowni exhibit a small arched supplementary aperture on the spiral side which, according to its authors, is the main distinguishing feature. Although we have re-sampled the type level of nkbrowni and found similar specimens, we have not found the morph anywhere else; hence we provisionally include it in synonymy with gemma. We note also that it is very difficult to distinguish with the light microscope.

Li (1987) introduced his taxon neoclemenciae for gemma-like forms in which the aperture and lip extend to the periphery and in which the spiral side is flattened to concave. In his investigations of sections in Trinidad, Li (1987:310) found it to have a similar range to gemma. We report that the final chamber of the holotype was inadvertently broken off in our attempts to obtain a new SEM: images of the broken specimen (not shown here) allow us to confirm that the aperture on the penultimate chamber is also marginal in position. Spezzaferri (1994) recognized neoclemenciae and suggested it had fewer chambers than gemma although the holotypes of both have 5 chambers in the final whorl. She illustrated specimens attributed to both gemma and neoclemenciae that show a peripherally extended aperture, hence her concept was seemingly different from Li (1987). Various authors have documented neoclemenciae in taxonomic lists without illustrating the taxon or noting its distinguishing feature (e.g., Poag and Commeau, 1995; Miller and others, 1996; Malumián and Olivero, 2006; Alegret and others, 2008). We have observed that the apertural position in gemma is quite variable, sometimes even approaching a pseudoplanispiral condition (e.g., Plate 16.5, Figs. 10, 12). We also note that the holotype of gemma itself has an aperture that extends almost to the periphery and a somewhat concave spiral side (Plate 16.5, Figs. 1-3). With our current knowledge, there seems little to be gained stratigraphically in separating the forms so we have adopted the conservative approach and included neoclemenciae in synonymy with gemma. [Pearson et al. 2018]

The holotype of T. gemma, which is illustrated on Plate 16.7, Figs. 16-18), shows the characteristic features of the species, including a weakly lobate equatorial periphery, a nearly closed umbilicus, and a low apertural arch. Forms that are morphologically transitional between T. gemma and its ancestral species, T. praegemma, appear in the uppermost Eocene and range into the lowermost Oligocene. [Huber et al. 2006]

Distinguishing features:
Parent taxon (Tenuitella): Minute to small, low trochospiral test, with globular chambers. Monolamellar, microperforate wall with a smooth or finely pustulate surface.
This taxon: Like T. praegemma but test slightly more compressed, less lobate periphery and nearly closed umbilicus; and by absence of secondary apertures or apertural lips.

Description

Test small, very low trochospiral, equatorial periphery lobate, circular to elliptical in outline, axial periphery rounded; chambers globular, slightly compressed, 4½-6 in the final whorl, 10-12 comprising adult tests, increasing slowly in size; sutures slightly recurved, depressed on spiral and umbilical sides; umbilicus narrow, deep, sometimes nearly closed; aperture a very low arch bordered by a narrow lip, intra- to extraumbilical in position, sometimes extending to periphery (‘neoclemenciae’ morphotype) (description modified from Huber and others, 2006). [Pearson et al. 2018]

Microperforate glutinata-type wall, surface smooth to finely pustulose, pustules irregularly scattered on both sides of test. [Pearson et al. 2018]

Holotype 0.16 mm diameter; hypotypes 0.13-0.17 mm diameter, 0.07-0.08 mm breadth. [Pearson et al. 2018]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Global, from tropics to Ross Sea, Antarctica (Leckie and Webb, 1986; see map in Li and Radford, 1991, fig. 15). [Pearson et al. 2018]

No data available. [Pearson et al. 2018]

Descended from Tenuitella praegemma in the late Eocene (Li, 1987). Ancestral to Tenuitella munda in the late Eocene (see discussion under that species). [Pearson et al. 2018]

Biostratigraphic distribution

Geological Range:
Notes: The lowest confirmed occurrences are in the uppermost Eocene (e.g., Toumarkine, 1978; Huber and others, 2006) although we note that Premoli Silva and Boersma (1988) recorded an occurrence in the uppermost middle Eocene Zone P14. The highest confirmed occurrences are in the uppermost Oligocene close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (Li and others, 1992; Li and Radford, 1991; Spezzaferri, 1994; Pearson and Wade, 2009). Spezzaferri (1994) and Pälike and others (2010) record specimens in the lower Miocene but none are illustrated and we have been unable to confirm those observations. [Pearson et al. 2018]
Last occurrence (top): within O7 zone (22.96-25.21Ma, top in Aquitanian stage). Data source: Pearson et al. 2018 f16.1
First occurrence (base): within E15 zone (34.68-35.89Ma, base in Priabonian stage). Data source: Pearson et al. 2018 f16.1

Primary source for this page: Pearson et al. 2018 - Olig Atlas chap.16 p.447; Huber et al. 2006 - Eocene Atlas, chap. 16, p. 488

References:

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test outline:	Lobate	chamber arrangement:	Trochospiral	edge view:	Equally biconvex	aperture:	Extraumbilical-peripheral
sp chamber shape:	Globular	coiling axis:	Low	periphery:	N/A	aperture border:	Thin lip
umb chbr shape:	Globular	umbilicus:	Narrow	periph margin shape:	Broadly rounded	accessory apertures:	None
spiral sutures:	Moderately depressed	umb depth:	Shallow	wall texture:	Finely pustulose	shell porosity:	Microperforate: <1µm
umbilical or test sutures:	Strongly depressed	final-whorl chambers:	5-6	N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not applicable

Tenuitella gemma

Taxonomy

Description

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Biostratigraphic distribution

References:

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