pforams@mikrotax - Catapsydrax dissimilis

Citation: Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman & Bermudez 1937)

Basionym: Globigerina dissimilis

Synonyms:

Globigerina dissimilis Cushman and Bermúdez, 1937:25, pl. 3, figs. 4-6 [Eocene, Havana Province, Cuba].
Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermúdez).—Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957:36, pl.7, fig. 6a-c (re-illustration of holotype drawing), figs. 7a-8c [Oligocene-Miocene, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Blaicher, 1970:189, pl. 2, figs. 1a-c [lower Oligocene, Sub-Menilite Marls, Polish Carpathians].—Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983:22, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3-8 [lower Miocene ‘Globoquadrina dehiscens Zone’, DSDP Site 206, Tasman Sea, South Pacific Ocean].—Bolli and Saunders, 1985:186, figs. 17-1a-c (re-illustration of holotype), figs. 17-2a-b [‘Oligo-Miocene’, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Huber, 1991:439, pl. 5, fig. 19 [Oligocene Zone N1-N3, ODP Hole 744A, Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean].—Leckie and others, 1993, pl. 3, figs. 16, 17 [upper Oligocene Subzone P21b, ODP Hole 803D, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Galeotti and others, 2002:378, pl. 3, fig. 13 [Oligocene Zone ‘P18-P22’, ODP Hole 1090B, Agulhas Ridge, sub-Antarctic Atlantic Ocean].—Olsson and others, 2006a:71, pl. 5.3, figs. 18-20 [SEM of holotype].—Wade and others, 2007:177, pl. 2, fig. q [upper Oligocene Zone O5, ODP Hole 1218B, equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Pearson and Wade, 2009:200, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3a-6b [upper Oligocene Zone O6 (=O7 of this work), Cipero Fm., Trinidad].
Globigerinita dissimilis dissimilis (Cushman and Bermúdez).—Blow and Banner, 1962:106, pl. 14, fig. D [upper Eocene Globigerapsis semi-involuta Zone, Lindi, Tanzania].
Globigerinita dissimilis (Cushman and Bermúdez).—Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1303, pl. 25, figs. 7, 8 [upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Zone N4, DSDP Hole 64, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Raju, 1971:29, pl. VI, figs. 2, 3 [upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Globorotalia kugleri / Globigerinoides primordius Zone (=O7/M1), KKL-2 borehole, Cauvery Basin, south east India].—Berggren, 1972: pl. 3, figs. 16, 17 [lower Oligocene, DSDP Site 116, Rockall Basin, North Atlantic Ocean].—Jenkins and Orr, 1972, pl. 16, figs. 10-12 [lower Miocene Globigerinita dissimilis Zone, DSDP Hole 77B, eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean].
Catapsydrax dissimilis dissimilis (Cushman and Bermúdez).—Fleisher, 1974:1016, pl. 4, fig. 5 [Oligocene Zones O3-O5, DSDP Site 223, Arabian Sea].—Quilty, 1976:641, pl. 7, figs. 12, 13 [upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Zone N4, DSDP Hole 320, southeastern Pacific Ocean].—Krasheninnikov and Pflaumann, 1977:592, pl. 7, figs. 2, 3a-d [upper Oligocene Zone P21, DSDP Hole 369A, African margin, eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean].—Huber, 1991:439, pl. 5, fig. 19 [lower Miocene, ODP Hole 744A, Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean].—Spezzaferri and Premoli Silva, 1991:236, pl. 1, fig. 1a-d [upper Oligocene Zone P22, DSDP Hole 538A, Gulf of Mexico].—Spezzaferri, 1994:48, pl. 33, fig. 1a-c [upper Oligocene Zone P22, DSDP Hole 538A, Gulf of Mexico].
Catapsydrax cf. stainforthi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan.—Jenkins, 1960:356, pl. 3, figs. 6a-c [probably lower Miocene Globigerina woodi Zone (‘Zone 3’), Lakes Entrance oil shaft, Victoria, south-eastern Australia]. [Not Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957.]
Globigerinita riveroae Bermúdez, 1961:1266, pl. 7, fig. 7a-c [lower Oligocene, Oceanic Fm., Condrington College Marl beds, Barbados].
Globigerinita dissimilis ciperoensis Blow and Banner, 1962:107, pl. XIV, figs. a-c [lower Oligocene Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].
Catapsydrax dissimilis ciperoensis (Blow and Banner).—Quilty, 1976:641, pl. 7, fig. 11 [upper Oligocene/lower Miocene Zone N4, DSDP Site 320, southeastern Pacific Ocean].—Spezzaferri and Premoli Silva, 1991:237, pl. 1, fig. 4a-b [upper Oligocene Zone P22, DSDP Hole 538A, Gulf of Mexico].
Globorotaloides suteri Bolli.—Spezzaferri, 1994:45, pl. 34, fig. 5a-c [lower Oligocene Subzone P21a, ODP Hole 709B, equatorial Indian Ocean]. [Not Bolli, 1957.]

Taxonomic discussion:

Whether Cushman and Bermúdez’s (1937) holotype of dissimilis, which is described as from the “Eocene of Cuba”, does in fact have two infralaminal apertures is debatable, even after additional SEM imaging, because adhering material clogs the umbilical region (Pl. 4.1, Figs. 1-3). Our new SEM images of the paratype of dissimilis, from the same locality as the holotype, however, clearly show two infralaminal apertures (Pl. 4.1, Figs. 4-5), thus we can give the holotype the benefit of the doubt and consider the second opening to be concealed, as is consistent with the traditional understanding of this species.

As described by Blow (1979), many authors’ concept of dissimilis is based on Oligocene specimens that are closer to Blow and Banner’s (1962) subspecies Globigerinita dissimilis ciperoensis (Pl. 4.1, Figs. 6-8) (compact, flattened bulla) from the lower Oligocene of Trinidad, than to the Eocene holotype of C. dissimilis (Pl. 4.1, Figs. 1-3). Both holotypes exhibit a bulla and two infralaminal apertures but the bulla and test are generally more inflated in C. dissimilis sensu stricto. Because the concept of C. dissimilis is well entrenched we take a conservative approach and regard dissimilis ciperoensis as a junior synonym of the former (see also discussion in Pearson and Wade, 2009). Morphological evolution of Catapsydrax through the late Oligocene involved expansion of the bulla across the ventral surface and an increase in the number of infralaminal openings (up to 4) on a simple (non-lobed) bulla. Under our taxonomy Catapsydrax dissimilis is expanded to include these morphologies (Plate 4.1, Fig. 11).

Globigerinita riveroae Bermúdez (1961) is tentatively placed as a junior synonym of C. dissimilis (Plate. 4.1, Fig. 14), although it is possible that this species is closer to Subbotina corpulenta, owing to the large size and globular form.[Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Distinguishing features:
Parent taxon (Catapsydrax): Like Globorotaloides but more compact, radially compressed, with appressed inflated chambers in the final whorl, and always with bulla
This taxon: Like C. unicavus but with 2-4 infralaminal openings around the bulla (vs. 1 in C. unicavus)

Description

Test moderately large, compact, low-moderate trochospiral of 2½-3 whorls, involute, lobate with 4 chambers in the final whorl, enlarging slowly. Later chambers are inflated, subglobular but slightly appressed and embracing. The early ontogenetic whorl, comprising 4½-5 chambers, is flattened or raised slightly above the adult whorl as seen in spiral view. Sutures are straight and depressed on the umbilical side and moderately depressed and slightly curved on spiral side. The primary aperture is a low umbilical arch covered by a single slightly inflated or flattened bulla less coarsely cancellate than the rest of test, with 2 or more (up to 4) rimmed infralaminal openings. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Coarsely cancellate, sacculifer-type, probably spinose; in adult stage wall becomes thickened. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Maximum diameter of holotype ~0.5 mm, thickness ~0.3 mm. [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Global, low to high latitudes, including New Zealand, the subantarctic and high North Atlantic Ocean (Berggren, 1972; Huber, 1991; Galeotti and others, 2002). It is more common in upwelling regions (Spezzaferri, 1995). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Catapsydrax dissimilis, like other species of Catapsydrax, registers among the most positive δ18O values within an assemblage, and lowest δ13C indicating it was a sub-thermocline calcifier and among the deepest dwelling of the Oligocene planktonic foraminifera (Poore and Matthews, 1984; van Eijden and Ganssen, 1995; Wade and others, 2007; Pearson and Wade, 2009; Spezzaferri and Pearson, 2009; Moore and others, 2014). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Catapsydrax dissimilis evolved from C. unicavus in the upper middle Eocene Zone E13 (Blow and Banner, 1962). Blow (1979) suggested that the ancestor was Globigerinita simulans (Bermúdez) but the specimens he ascribed to that species are here included in the synonymy of unicavus (see below). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]

Biostratigraphic distribution

Geological Range:
Notes: According to Blow and Banner (1962:106-107) “Globigerinita dissimilis dissimilis ranges from at least the upper part of the Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, Navet Formation, middle Eocene, to the top of the Globigerinita stainforthi Zone (Aquitanian) in southern Trinidad. In Tanganyika [=Tanzania] it is known to occur also from the upper part of the Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, ranging up into the Aquitanian”. The oldest specimen figured by Blow and Banner (1962) is from the “Globigerapsis semi-involuta Zone” (=E14/E15 of Wade and others, 2011). In summary, C. dissimilis extends from the upper middle Eocene (Zone E13) (Blow and Banner, 1962) to the lower Miocene Zone bearing the taxon’s name, i.e. Zone M3, the Globigerinatella sp./Catapsydrax dissimilis Concurrent range Zone (Bolli, 1957; Spezzaferri, 1994; Wade and others, 2011), where it has been found to occur commonly (Bolli, 1957; Berggren and others, 1995). The highest occurrence of Catapsydrax dissimilis remains a marker in standard biostratigraphic zonal schemes (Bolli, 1957; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983; Bolli and Saunders, 1985; Berggren and others, 1995; Wade and others, 2011) and is calibrated to 17.62 Ma on the time scale of Cande and Kent (1995) (Wade and others, 2011). [Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018]
Last occurrence (top): at top of M3 zone (100% up, 17.5Ma, in Burdigalian stage). Data source: Wade et al. 2011; Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018
First occurrence (base): within E13 zone (37.99-39.97Ma, base in Bartonian stage). Data source: Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018

Primary source for this page: Coxall & Spezzaferri 2018 - Olig Atlas chap.4 p.83; Olsson et al. 2006 - Eocene Atlas, chap. 5, p. 71

References:

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test outline:	Lobate	chamber arrangement:	Trochospiral	edge view:	Inequally biconvex	aperture:	Umbilical
sp chamber shape:	Globular	coiling axis:	Low	periphery:	N/A	aperture border:	Bulla
umb chbr shape:	Globular	umbilicus:	Narrow	periph margin shape:	Moderately rounded	accessory apertures:	Infralaminal
spiral sutures:	Moderately depressed	umb depth:	Deep	wall texture:	Cancellate	shell porosity:	Finely Perforate: 1-2.5µm
umbilical or test sutures:	Moderately depressed	final-whorl chambers:	4-4	N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not applicable