pforams@mikrotax - Globoturborotalita

Citation: Globoturborotalita Hofker, 1976

Type species: Globigerina rubescens Hofker, 1956

Synonyms:

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983:42

Taxonomic discussion: Kennett & Srinivasan (1983) proposed a new subgenus Zeaglobigerina for Neogene Globigerina species with a cancellate wall. This concept is now standard but the name Globoturborotalita Hofker 1976 is used as it is a senior synonym.
The genus is strongly paraphyletic giving rise to Globigerinoides, Trilobatus (and thus Orbulina), Turborotalita, and Sphaeroidinella according to the phylogeny of Aze et al. 2011. [my interpretation - JRY 2018]

Includes species characterized by a cancellate surface with regular subhexagonal pore pits with pores at the centers (Pi. 4, Fig. 2). Thus, the surface of Globoturborotalita appears distinctly cancellate in contrast to the hispid appearance of Globigerina. Although the surface ultrastructure of Globoturborotalita is similar to Globigerinoides saccullfer, which is spinose during life, no indication of spines or spine bases was observed in Globoturborotalita species. We consider that the genus Globoturborotalita is the ancestor of Globigerinoides sacculifer, which evolved via Globoturborotalita connecta and Globigerinoides triloba. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983 - but with references to Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) changed to Globoturborotalita]

In the description of this genus, Hofker (1976) and Olsson and others (2006) included only forms with 4-5 chambers in the last whorl. Spezzaferri and others (2015) amended the genus to include also 3-3½ chambered forms such as G. connecta. Olsson and others (2006) discussed the taxonomic connection and synonymy between Kennett and Srinivasan’s (1983) genus Zeaglobigerina and Globoturborotalita. Olsson and others (2006) also included in the genus Globoturborotalita anguliofficinalis, which is now placed in the new genus Ciperoella based on the wall texture and possession of 4 ½-5 chambers in the final whorl (Chapter 7, this volume). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Hofker (1976) designated his genus Globoturborotalita, described from Holocene sediments, as characteristic of his new family Turborotalitidae. He recognized that this genus is spinose, a morphologic character that ultimately led to Turborotalitidae being placed in synonomy within Globigerinidae (Loeblich and Tappan, 1988). At the time Globoturborotalita was described, only one species was known, G. rubescens, the type species. One of the distinguishing features of Holocene G. rubescens is its pink to red pigmentation, a color that is not readily preserved in the fossil record. Hofker emphasized the coarsely cancellate wall texture and spines of this species. The cancellate spinose wall distinguishes Globoturborotalita from Globigerina.
Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) named Zeaglobigerina (type species Globigerina woodi Jenkins) but included rubescens within the genus, thus making their genus a junior synonym of Hofker’s, providing the phylogenetic linkage between woodi and rubescens is upheld.
Loeblich and Tappan (1988) gave a geologic range of Oligocene to Recent for Globoturborotalita. McGowran and Li (1993) placed Miocene planktonic foraminifera of southern Australia in five morphogroups based on wall texture (cancellate, cancellate-spinose, spinose, smooth-walled, and microperforate). Several species that they included in Globoturborotalita and that are common in the Oligocene, such as G. anguliofficinalis and G. gnaucki, first occur in the Eocene, thus extending the known range of this genus into the Eocene. Our own observations, reported here, indicate that the origin of Globoturborotalita was at the base of Zone E1 and was associated with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and the carbon isotope excursion (CIE). A new species is described from this level, Globoturborotalita bassriverensis n. sp. Globoturborotalita in the Paleogene, as in the Neogene, is represented by small forms that are easily overlooked, but they can be recognized in well-preserved material.
Globoturborotalita probably evolved from Subbotina. The limited stable isotope data currently available for the genus suggests that unlike Subbotina, most taxa of Globoturborotalita were surface mixed layer dwelling forms.
[Olsson et al. 2006]

Distinguishing features:
Parent taxon (Globigerinidae): Wall spinose, usually with 3½-6 globular chambers in final whorl, trochospiral or planispiral
This taxon: Trochospiral test with a single, large, open umbilical aperture. Cancellate wall. 4-4½ chambers in final whorl

Description

Test moderately low to medium trochospiral, globular, lobulate in outline, chambers globular; in spiral view 3-5 slightly embracing globular chambers increasing moderately in size in the last whorl, in umbilical view 3-5 globular, slightly embracing chambers, increasing moderately in size, sutures depressed and straight on both sides, the umbilicus is generally small, open, enclosed by surrounding chambers, in some species it can be larger, the aperture is umbilical, low to a very high rounded arch, bordered by a thin lip, rarely by a thickened rim; in edge view chambers are globular in shape, slightly embracing, and the umbilical aperture may be partly visible. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Cancellate, normal perforate, spinose, ruber/sacculifer-type and sacculifer-type wall texture. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Maximum diameter generally less than 0.20 mm. [Olsson et al. 2006]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Species of Globoturborotalita are cosmopolitan in the Oligocene including at both high southern (Southern Ocean/New Zealand) and high northern (Labrador Sea, and the North Sea region) latitudes. They can be common especially in the <250 μm fraction. Some species appear to be more abundant at high southern latitudes and the Austral realm. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

The genus evolved in Zone E1 from Subbotina hornibrooki (Olsson and others, 2006) and gave rise to the genera Trilobatus in upper Oligocene Zone O7 and to Globigerinoides in basal Miocene Zone M1 (Spezzaferri and others, 2015). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Biostratigraphic distribution

Geological Range:
Notes: E1 to Recent. [Olsson et al. 2006]
Last occurrence (top): Extant. Data source: Total of ranges of the species in this database
First occurrence (base): within E1 zone (55.81-55.96Ma, base in Ypresian stage). Data source: Total of ranges of species in this database

Primary source for this page: Spezzaferri et al. 2018 - Olig Atlas chap.8 p.223 (major revision of Olsson et al. 2006 - Eocene Atlas, chap. 6 p. 115); Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983 p. 42

References:

Aze, T. et al. (2011). A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews. 86: 900-927. gs

Bolli, H. M. (1957b). Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. In, Loeblich, A. R. , Jr., Tappan, H., Beckmann, J. P., Bolli, H. M., Montanaro Gallitelli & E. Troelsen, J. C. (eds) Studies in Foraminifera. U.S. National Museum Bulletin . 215: 97-123. gs

Hofker, J. (1956c). Foraminifera Dentata, foraminifera of Santa Cruz and Thatch-Island, Virginia-Archipelago West-Indies. Copenhagen Univ. Zool. Mus. Spolia (Skrifler). 15: 1-237. gs

Hofker, J. (1976). La famille Turborotalitidae. Revue de Micropaléontologie. 19: 47-53. gs

Kennett, J. P. & Srinivasan, M. S. (1983). Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 1-265. gs

Loeblich, A. R. & Tappan, H. (1988). Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification (Volume I-II). Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 1-1059. gs

McGowran, B. & Li, Q. (1993). Miocene planktonic foraminifera from Lakes Entrance in Gippsland: midlatitude neritic signal from a transforming ocean. Memoir of the Association of Australian Palaeontologists. 15: 395-405. gs

Olsson, R. K., Pearson, P. N. & Huber, B. T. (2006c). Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Eocene Catapsydrax, Globorotaloides, Guembelitrioides, Paragloborotalia, Parasubbotina, and Pseudoglobigerinella n. gen. In, Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K., Hemleben, C., Huber, B. T. & Berggren, W. A. (eds) Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication . 41(Chap 5): 67-110. gs O

Olsson, R. K., Hemleben, C., Huber, B. T. & Berggren, W. A. (2006a). Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Eocene Globigerina, Globoturborotalita, Subbotina, and Turborotalita. In, Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K., Hemleben, C., Huber, B. T. & Berggren, W. A. (eds) Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication . 41(Chap 6): 111-168. gs O

Spezzaferri, S. et al. (2015). Fossil and genetic evidence for the polyphyletic nature of the planktonic foraminifera "Globigerinoides", and description of the new genus Trilobatus. PLoS One. 1-20. gs

- species order by first occurrence (time control age-window is: 0-800Ma)
			Globoturborotalita bollii Globoturborotalita bollii can be distinguished from Globigerina falconensis in having possibly a different wall texture and the subquadrate shape. Globigerina falconensis has a slightly more lobulate outline than G. bollii. The aperture in G. falconensis is a lower arch, which is more centred on the umbilicus and bordered by a thick lip. Moreover, Globoturborotalita bollii has a more squared profile and a thinner apertural lip than G. falconensis (see also Cita et al., 1965). For all of these reasons, the synonymy suggested by Crescenti (1966) and Blow (1969) is here rejected. Globoturborotalita bollii can be distinguished from Globigerina neofalconensis (Fabbrini et al., 2023) due to its squared outline and strongly compact test and higher asymmetrical aperture, which is in contrast to the lobulate outline and well-separated chambers and the well-developed apertural lip of G. neofalconensis.[Fabbrini et al 2024] We compare G. bollii to the other four-chambered Miocene globoturborotaliids (Table 1). It can be distinguished from G. eolabiacrassata by its greater test size (Table 1), thinner apertural lip (rather than the thick rim in G. eolabiacrassata), and apparently a more finely perforated wall texture. It diverges from G. ouachitaensis by the overall bigger test (Table 1) and the more compact outline in contrast to the peculiar petaloid morphology of G. ouachitaensis. The aperture in G. bollii is higher and the umbilicus wider. It is separated from Globoturborotalita brazieri by the diamond shape of its test, and the number of chambers in the final whorl, which in G. brazieri tends to be 3–3.5 in the umbilical view. The rate of chamber growth is also more rapid in G. brazieri than in G. bollii, determining the overall different test morphology. A reverse droplet aperture characterises G. brazieri, while an asymmetrical low umbilical aperture is present in G. bollii. Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins, 1960) has a flatter spiral side, lower trochospire, more sub-quadrate morphology than G. bollii, and a higher symmetrical arched aperture without a lip.[Fabbrini et al 2024] Globoturborotalita bollii can be distinguished from G. pseudopraebulloides Olsson and Hemleben, 2018 (in Spezzaferri et al., 2018) by its more compact and subquadrate outline and the lower aperture bordered by a thin lip. The latter also displays a higher rate of chamber increase and fewer embracing chambers, giving this taxon a lobulate test. Globoturborotalita occlusa (Blow and Banner, 1962) differs from G. bollii with its lower, slit-like aperture without a lip and the extremely narrow umbilicus. Globoturborotalita rubescens (Hofker, 1956) differs from G. bollii in terms of its considerably smaller size (maximum diameter about 150 μm) and its circular high arched aperture. Globoturborotalita bollii differs from Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers, 1955) with respect to the well-developed and embracing final chamber, which is a more symmetrical umbilical aperture with a significantly thicker rim and tighter umbilicus.[Fabbrini et al 2024]
			Globoturborotalita rubescens Like G. decoraperta but very small and with small circular aperture, shell usually reddish.
			Globoturborotalita decoraperta Like G. woodi but higher-spired test
			woodi and descendants, mostly Neogene
			Globoturborotalita apertura Like G. woodi but with very large aperture
			Globoturborotalita connecta Like G. woodi but compact test and more highly arched aperture
			Globoturborotalita druryi Small, compact test, with coarse-pitted surface, and small, rimmed, aperture
			Globoturborotalita nepenthes Like G. druryi but with protruding thumb-shaped final chamber
			Globoturborotalita woodi Chambers symmetrically arranged around the umbilicus, with large, symmetrical, rounded umbilical aperture. Wall coarsely cancellate, low porosity.
			cancellata and descendants, mostly Oligocene
			Globoturborotalita cancellata Low trochospiral, globular, 3½-4 chambers in final whorl, increasing rapidly in size. The last chamber forms ca. ⅓ of the test. Umbilicus large, open. Aperture umbilical, a low rounded arch, with a thin rim
			Globoturborotalita occlusa Like G. cancellata but with more lobulate profile; 3½-4 well-developed chambers in the last whorl.
			Globoturborotalita paracancellata Like G. cancellata but only 3½ chambers in the final whorl and final chamber forms about ½ the test.
			Globoturborotalita pseudopraebulloides Lobulate test with 4 rapidly enlarging chambers in final whorl, large open umbilicus, and umbilical aperture. Like G. occlusa but higher aperture and less embracing chambers
			other species -mostly Paleogene
			Globoturborotalita barbula Similar to G. ouachitaensis but with barbules, (conical spikes) in the sutural regions
			Globoturborotalita bassriverensis Test small, 4 globular, slightly embracing chambers in final whorl. Aperture umbilical with prominent lip, wall cancellate.
			Globoturborotalita brazieri Like G. woodi but subquadrate test and aperture placed directly opposite the suture line
			Globoturborotalita eolabiacrassata Like G. bassriverensis but with more compact form and a thickened apertural rim.
			Globoturborotalita euapertura 4 wedge-like chambers in the final whorl, last chamber reniform; aperture broad & low, confined to the umbilicus; sutures deeply incised.
			Globoturborotalita gnaucki Test small, lobulate, with slightly embracing, globular chambers. Aperture large, umbilical. Wall texture cancellate.
			Globoturborotalita labiacrassata Like G. eolabiacrassata but with more lobulate profile and higher arched aperture.
			Globoturborotalita martini Test small, 4 globular, slightly embracing, chambers in final whorl, reduced final chamber extends over and partially covers the umbilicus. Wall texture, spinose, cancellate sacculifer-type.
			Globoturborotalita ouachitaensis Test small, 4 globular, slightly embracing, chambers in final whorl. Aperture umbilical; wall texture cancellate, spinose.
			Globoturborotalita sp. Specimens which cannot be assigned to established species