CATALOG OF ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS: Lithopilium sphaerocephalum Popofsky 1913
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Original Description Der Kopf ist von dem Thorax durch eine sehr tiefe Nackenfurche getrennt, etwas weniger tief ist die Furche, welche Thorax und Abdomen gegeneinander abgrenzt. Der vollständig kuglige Kopf sitzt nur mit einer kleinen Fläche dem Thorax auf. In seiner Wandung liegen wenige winzige, kreisrunde Poren etwas in die Schale eingesenkt; die Zahl der Kopfporen nimmt nach dem basalen Kopfende hin zu. Auf dem Kopfe, etwas exzentrisch und schief, steht ein prismatisches, dreikantiges, ziemlich kräftiges Horn, das am Ende zugespitzt und doppelt so lang wie der Kopf selbst ist. Der Thorax ist im oberen Teile dreiseitig pyramidal, im unteren Teile besteht er aus drei hervorgewölbten Buckeln, von denen jeder durch einen Thoraxstachel gekrönt ist. Die drei Thoraxstacheln vereinigen sich im Innern der Schale in der Höhe der Nackenfurche untereinander und mit Apikalstachel (A), welcher den Kopf als Columella durchzieht, zu einem inneren Stachelgerüst mit den Stacheln A, D, Lr, Ll (siehe Taf. XXXV, Fig. 2). Sie verlaufen dann zum Teil innerhalb des Thorax, zum weiteren Teil in dessen Wandung, um in halber Thoraxhöhe in drei am Grunde gegitterte Radialapophysen überzugehen, deren äußere, freie Zweidrittel dreikantige, nach dem Kopfhorn zu zurückgebogene, massive Stacheln darstellen. Der ganze Thorax ist mit regelmäßigen, sechseckigen Poren durchsetzt, welche durch dünne Gitteräste voneinander getrennt werden. Die deutliche Trennungsfurche zwischen Thorax und Abdomen wird von zierlichen, kleinen, henkelartigen Bögen überbrückt, welche vom unteren Thoraxteile zum oberen Teile des Abdomens verlaufen und die Trennungsfurche dadurch etwas verwischen. Das Abdomen ist fast zylindrisch, im oberen Teile, gegen die Leibesfurche mehr, im unteren Teil, an dem Peristom, weniger eingezogen. Es besitzt, wie der Thorax, reguläre, sechseckige Poren und eine weit offene Schalenmündung, an der die Gitterschale wahrscheinlich noch weiterwächst.
Translation: The cephalis is separated from the thorax by a very deep neck furrow; the furrow that separates the thorax and abdomen from one another is somewhat less deep. The completely spherical head only sits on a small area of the thorax. There are a few tiny, circular pores in its wall, slightly sunk into the shell; the number of cephalic pores increases towards the basal end of the cephalis. On the cephalis, somewhat eccentric and crooked, is a prismatic, triangular, rather powerful horn, which is pointed at the end and is twice as long as the cephalis itself. The upper part of the thorax is pyramidal on three sides; in the lower part it consists of three bulging bosses, each of which is crowned by a thoracic spine. The three thoracic spines unite inside the shell at the level of the neck furrow with each other and with the apical spine (A), which runs through the cephalis as a columella, to form an inner spine structure with the spines A, D, Lr, Ll (see Plate XXXV, Fig .2). They then run partly within the thorax, partly in its wall, in order to merge halfway into the thorax height into three radial apophyses with a lattice-wall at the base, the outer, free two-thirds of which represent triangular, massive spines that are bent back towards the cephalic horn. The entire thorax is riddled with regular, hexagonal pores, which are separated from each other by thin lattice branches. The clear dividing furrow between the thorax and the abdomen is bridged by delicate, small, handle-like arches, which run from the lower part of the thorax to the upper part of the abdomen and thereby somewhat blur the dividing furrow. The abdomen is almost cylindrical, more retracted in the upper part, towards the abdominal furrow, and less retracted in the lower part, near the peristome. Like the thorax, it has regular, hexagonal pores and a wide open shell mouth, where the lattice shell probably continues to grow. [gt/dbl]
Size: (Based on 1 specimen) Cephalis diameter 26µm, thorax length 46µm, maximum width 76µm, abdomen length 31µm, maximum width 83µm, length of apical horn 54µm. Extra details from original publication Distinguishing characters: Das Stachelgerüst im Innern besitzt die Stacheln A, D, Lr, LL (Taf. XXXV, Fig. 3) und ist somit nach dem Plagoniscus-Typ gebaut, bei dem alle vier Urstacheln in einen Punkt münden.
The spine structure inside has the spines A, D, Lr, LL (Plate XXXV, Fig. 3) and is therefore built according to the Plagoniscus type, in which all four primordial spines lead into one point. Editors' Notes Description: "Ä" stands for apical spine, "D" for dorsal spine, "Lr, Ll" for right and left lateral spines.
References:
Popofsky, A (1913). Die Nassellarien des Warmwassergebietes. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. 13(6): 216-416. gsO
Lithopilium sphaerocephalum compiled by the radiolaria@mikrotax project teamviewed: 12-2-2026
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