(Note: this is a common living species; we restrict this synonymy list to references that are relevant to the taxonomic placement of the species, and Oligocene to lower Miocene occurrences.) [Pearson et al. 2018]

• Globigerina glutinata Egger, 1893:371, pl. 13 (on p. 356), figs. 19-21 (three views of same specimen: locality of figured specimen not given; probably Holocene sediment from the cruise of the Gazelle).—Rhumbler, 1911:148, pl. 29, figs. 14-16; pl. 33, fig. 20; pl. 34, fig. 1 (fide Parker, 1962).
• Globigerinita glutinata (Egger).—Parker, 1962:246, pl. 9, figs. 1-9 [Holocene, ‘Downwind’ Expedition Station BG 134, equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean], pl. 9, figs. 10-16 [Holocene, ‘Downwind’ Expedition Station BG 70, mid-latitude South Pacific Ocean].—Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983:224, pl. 56, figs. 1, 3-5 [lower Miocene Subzone N4b, DSDP Site 289, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Leckie and others, 1993:124, pl. 6, fig. 1 [upper Oligocene, ODP Hole 628A, Little Bahama Bank, western North Atlantic Ocean].—Chaisson and Leckie, 1993:157, pl. 10, fig. 2 [lower Miocene Zone N6, Hole 806B, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].—Spezzaferri, 1994:62-63, pl. 27, figs. 6a-c [lower Miocene Zone N5, DSDP Hole 526A, western South Atlantic Ocean], pl. 28, figs. 1a-c [lower Miocene Zone N5, ODP Hole 709C, equatorial Indian Ocean].—Pearson, 1995:47, pl. 2, figs. 1-6 [lower Miocene Zone N6/7, ODP Hole 871A, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial western North Pacific Ocean].—Pearson and Chaisson, 1997:59-60, pl. 1, fig. 1 [lower Miocene Zone N5/6, ODP Hole 925A, equatorial western Atlantic Ocean].—Pearson and others, 2001, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6, 9 [lower Miocene Zone N8, ODP Hole 872C, Lo-En Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial western Pacific Ocean], fig. 10 [lower Miocene ODP Hole 959A, equatorial eastern Atlantic Ocean].—Li and others, 2003a:20, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5 [lower Miocene Zone SAN4, Hole 1134A, Great Australian Bight], pl. 6, fig. 30 [Pleistocene Subzone PT1a, ODP Hole 1126B, Great Australian Bight].
• Globigerinita glutinata glutinata (Egger).—Fleisher, 1974:1022, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2 [Pleistocene Zone N22, DSDP Site 219, Arabian Sea].
• Globigerinita naparimaensis Brönnimann, 1951:18, figs. 1-144 [lower Miocene Globorotalia menardi and Globorotalia mayeri Zones, Cruse Fm., Lengua Beds, South Trinidad].—Bolli and Saunders, 1985:188, figs. 17.7a-c [holotype redrawn].—Li and others, 1992:581, pl. 2, fig. 8 [lower Miocene ODP Hole 747A, central Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean].—Li, and others, 2003b:16, pl. 2, fig. 12 [upper Oligocene Subzone P21b, ODP Hole 1134A, Great Australian Bight].—Li, and others, 2003a:53, pl. 6, fig. 29 [Pleistocene Subzone PT1a, ODP Hole 1134A, Great Australian Bight].
• Globigerinita incrusta Akers, 1955:655, pl. 65, figs. 2a-d [Miocene Cibicides cartensi var. opimus Zone, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Ellender No. 1 borehole, 10,132-10,142 feet, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana].—Stainforth and others, 1975:286, fig. 124, nos. 1-3, 6 [middle Miocene Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda Zone, subsurface of Louisiana, nos. 4, 5 (reproduction of holotype and paratype images from Akers, 1955), no. 7 [lower Miocene, Pozón Fm., Venezuela].—Quilty, 1976:642, pl. 8, fig. 14 [middle Miocene Zone N10-N11, DSDP Site 319, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean], pl. 8, figs. 15, 16 [middle Miocene Zone N9, DSDP Site 319, Nazca Plate, southeastern Pacific Ocean].—Nocchi and others, 1991:268, pl. 5, figs. 18-20 [upper Oligocene Subzone P21b, ODP Hole 703A, southern South Atlantic Ocean].—Spezzaferri, 1994:62, pl. 27, figs. 7a-c [lower Miocene Zone N8, DSDP Site 94, Gulf of Mexico].
• Globigerinita naparimaensis incrusta Akers.—Blow, 1959:206, pl. 15, figs. 100, 101 [Miocene Globigerinatella insueta Zone, loc. R.M. 19285, Pozón Fm., Pozón-El Mene Road Section, Eastern Falcón, Venezuela].
• Tinophodella ambitacrena Loeblich and Tappan, 1957:114, fig. 3 [Recent, Albatross Station D2763, Atlantic Ocean off Brazil].—Bolli and Saunders, 1985:188, fig. 17.6 (reillustration of holotype).
• Globigerinita glutinata ambitacrena (Loeblich and Tappan).—Fleisher, 1974:1022, pl. 9, fig. 3 [Pleistocene Zone N22, DSDP Site 219, Arabian Sea].
• Globigerina parva Bolli, 1957:108, pl. 22, figs. 14a-c [lower Oligocene Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].
• Globigerina juvenilis Bolli, 1957:110, pl. 24, figs. 5a-c [middle Miocene Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad], fig. 6 [middle Miocene Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad].—Jenkins, 1985:274, fig. 7.1 (reillustration of holotype).
• Tenuitellinata juvenilis (Bolli).—Li, 1987:311 [not illustrated].—Li and others, 1992:579, pl. 2, fig. 3 [lower Oligocene, ODP Hole 749B, southern Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean], figs. 4-6 [lower Pliocene, ODP Hole 747A, central Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean].—Li and others, 2003a:20, pl. 2, fig. 3, pl. 6, fig. 28 [lower Miocene Zone SAN4 and middle Miocene Zone SAN10, ODP Hole 1134A, Great Australian Bight].
• Tenuitellinata juveniles (sic) (Bolli).—Li and others, 2003b:16, pl. 2, fig. 11 [upper Oligocene Subzone P21b, ODP Hole 1134A, Great Australian Bight].
• Globigerinita juvenilis (Bolli).—Spezzaferri, 1994:62, pl. 27, figs. 1a-c [lower Miocene Subzone N4a, DSDP Site 593, south Pacific Ocean], fig. 2a-c [lower Miocene Zone N6, ODP Hole 709C, equatorial Indian Ocean].—Pearson and Wade, 2009:211, pl. 8, figs. 1a-d [upper Zone O6 (=Zone O7 of this work), Cipero Fm., Trinidad].
• Globigerinita boweni Brönnimann and Resig, 1971:1271, pl. 26, figs. 1-4 [upper Oligocene Zone N3 (=Zone O7), DSDP Hole 64.1, Ontong Java Plateau, equatorial western Pacific Ocean].—Fleisher, 1975, pl. 3, fig. 1 [upper Oligocene Globigerina ciperoensis Zone, DSDP Site 305, central north Pacific Ocean].—Li and others, 1992:581, pl. 2, fig. 7 [upper Oligocene, ODP Hole 749B, southern Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean].—BouDagher-Fadel, 2012a, pl. 5.3, fig. 1 (re-illustration of holotype). [Pearson et al. 2018]

• Globigerinoides parkerae Bermudez 1961 - form with supplementary aperture on spiral side [regarded as a separate species by Kennett & Srinivasan 1983 but as a synonym by Brummer & Kucera 2022]
• Globigerinita glutinata flparkerae Bronnimann & Resig 1971- replacement name for G. parkerae

This is a very abundant living species for which there is a stable taxonomic concept as a microperforate form (e.g., Parker, 1962; Hemleben and others, 1989). Egger’s (1893) original type material is lost. The illustration (the umbilical view of which is reproduced in Plate 16.2, Fig. 1) shows a specimen with a globigeriniform test and just three chambers in the final whorl that is not typical of the species. There is no scale, but the same plate contains many other foraminifera apparently drawn to a common scale and the specimen is about one third the maximum diameter of Trilobatus sacculifer (for example) suggesting a maximum diameter between 200-250 µm. The accompanying description emphasizes the difference in wall texture from Globigerina triloba (=Trilobatus trilobus): “...in larger specimens the difference between the species becomes particularly clear in that the test of Globigerina glutinata remains delicate and matt [dull sheen], whilst the pores of Globigerina triloba appear very large and associated with a rough network [of ridges]” (translated by M. Kučera). Parker (1962) first appreciated that the nonspinose wall texture distinguished this species from Globigerina and related forms (see discussion under Genus Globigerinita, above). Clearly she regarded Egger’s illustrations as insufficient to prove this, but based her concept on the figures of Rhumbler (1911) who, she indicated, must have seen Egger’s material (Parker, 1962:248). Parker (1962:219) aimed for a natural classification of modern species “which recognizes variation and intergradation... The artificial splitting of species produces complications which are endless, as each worker emphasizes different criteria”. Accordingly, when describing glutinata, she showed a wide range of morphotypes including specimens with supplementary apertures on the spiral side and specimens with bullae of various shapes and sizes alongside specimens lacking bullae (a subset of which is shown on Plate 16.2). Subsequent workers on modern planktonic foraminifera have tended to base their concepts on Parker’s excellent illustrations (e.g., Hemleben and others, 1989). Other workers, however, have elected to formally split the group into species and/or subspecies (e.g., Brönnimann and Resig, 1971).

Egger’s figured specimen does not possess a bulla, a point that has a bearing on subsequent taxonomic debates. There is considerable discussion in the biological and paleontological literature on the significance or otherwise of an umbilical bulla of varying degrees of complexity and inflation in planktonic foraminifera, in general, and Globigerinita, in particular, and how to reflect that variation in the species and genus level taxonomy. It seems that some species have a tendency to form a bulla of a particular morphology as a necessary reproductive structure whereas in other species bullae can occur, but are not obligate. Relative to chamber form, bullae seem to be particularly plastic and variable between individuals as to degree of inflation, extensions along the sutures, and the number of infralaminal apertures, and hence provide considerable scope for taxonomic splitting. Some authors (e.g., Spezzaferri, 1994) have restricted their concept of glutinata to include only inflated bullate forms, but this conflicts with the fact that Egger’s illustrated specimen does not have a bulla and also makes the identification of pre-adult specimens problematic. In this work we do not regard the bulla as being of high taxonomic value in this group (following Parker, 1962; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983; Hemleben and others, 1989; Pearson, 1995; Pearson and Chaisson, 1997; Nathan and Leckie, 2003), which simplifies the taxonomy considerably. We do, however, acknowledge that the Miocene Globigerinatella lineage, which descends from glutinata, can only be recognized and divided on the basis of its complex and overlapping obligate bullae (e.g., Pearson, 1995). We observe that bullae tend to be rarer and less complicated in the Oligocene and lower Miocene than they are in modern Globigerinita, but they do occur frequently (e.g., the Oligocene Globigerinita boweni morphotype of Brönnimann and Resig, 1971, and the Miocene Globigerinita incrusta morphotype of Akers, 1955, both of which are illustrated in SEM here for the first time; see Pl. 16.2, Figs. 2-3 and 13-15; see also Oligocene bullate specimens of Nocchi and others, 1991; Leckie and others, 1993; and Li and others, 2003b).

Oligocene and Miocene Globigerinita glutinata have commonly been described under the designation Globigerina juvenilis Bolli, 1957 (the holotype of which is middle Miocene). We illustrate here new SEMs of the holotype of juvenilis (Plate 16.2, Figs. 5-7) and confirm that it is a microperforate form that falls within our concept of glutinata. In the Oligocene it is common to find populations that appear to intergrade from Globigerinita glutinata morphotypes (usually with 3½ chambers in the final whorl and an intra-extrumbilical aperture) to Tenuitella munda morphotypes (usually with four chambers in the final whorl, an extraumbilical aperture and a slightly lower trochospiral). This occurs, for example, in the Ottenthal Formation of Austria (probably lower Zone O2, close to the first appearance of glutinata), but also at higher stratigraphic levels within the Oligocene (e.g., Jenkins, 1966; Jenkins and Srinivasan, 1986; Li and others, 2003a). We use the apertural position as the primary means of distinguishing the species (and genera). On Plate 16.2, Figs. 9-11 we illustrate the holotype of Globigerina parva Bolli (1957), in SEM for the first time (a form originally described from the lower Oligocene). We confirm the microperforate wall texture and note that this morphotype falls within this concept of glutinata but shows transitional features to munda (see also Pearson and Wade, 2009). On Plate 16.3, Fig. 13, we illustrate a specimen that is very close to typical munda in several respects but has an aperture that extends into the umbilicus and so is placed by us, on this arbitrary basis, in glutinata. [Pearson et al. 2018]

Global.

Oligocene and lower Miocene forms have been recorded with an isotopic signature indicative of a shallow, mixed-layer habitat (Pearson and others, 2001; Majewski, 2003; Pearson and Wade, 2009).

Descended from Tenuitella munda in the lower Oligocene (Jenkins, 1966; Jenkins and Srinivasan, 1986). [Pearson et al. 2018]
Ga. glutinata is closely related to Ga. uvula but is larger and less trochospiral. Ga. glutinata is one of the long-ranging planktonic foraminiferal species in the Neogene and is ancestral to Globigerinatella and Candeina. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Molecular Genotypes (data from PFR² database, June 2017). References:  André et al. 2014; Ujiié & Lipps 2009; Seears et al. 2012.

• Globigerinita glutinata (58 sequences)
• Globigerinita glutinata I (8 sequences)
• Globigerinita glutinata II (11 sequences)
• Globigerinita glutinata III (18 sequences)
• Globigerinita glutinata IV (1 sequences)

References: