pforams@mikrotax - Paragloborotalia opima

Citation: Paragloborotalia opima (Bolli, 1957)

Basionym: Globorotalia opima opima Bolli, 1957

Synonyms:

Globorotalia opima opima Bolli, 1957:117-118, pl. 28, figs. 1a-c (holotype), fig. 2 (paratype) [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameter = 0.45 mm (re-measured herein)].—Berggren and Amdurer, 1973, pl. 27, fig. 7 [upper Oligocene Zone P21, DSDP Hole 17B, South Atlantic Ocean].—Stainforth and others, 1975:300, fig. 132.1-7 [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameters = 0.40 mm, 0.39 mm. 0.39 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.41 mm, 0.33 mm, and 0.35 mm], 8 (holotype drawing reproduced).—Toumarkine, 1978:714, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8 [mid Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, DSDP Site 360, southeast Atlantic Ocean; max. diameters = 0.34 mm and 0.34 mm].—Stainforth and Lamb, 1981:25, pl. 4, fig. 2a-c [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Atlantic Slope Project corehole 5B, western North Atlantic Ocean; max. diameter = 0.55 mm].—Bolli and Saunders, 1985:202, fig. 26.30a-c (holotype re-illustrated), figs. 26.24-29 (given as “paratypes”, actually topotypes) [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameters = 0.43 mm, 0.47 mm, 0.48 mm, 0.53 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.53 mm].—Martinotti, 1986, pl. 1, fig. 1 [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Ashqelon 4 Borehole, Israel; max. diameter = 0.41 mm], pl. 1, fig. 2 [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Shiqma 1 Borehole, Israel; max. diameter = 0.36 mm], pl. 1, fig. 3 [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Ashdod 1 Borehole, Israel; max. diameter = 0.36 mm], pl. 1, fig. 4 [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Beeri structure Hole 4, Israel; max. diameter = 0.45 mm].
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) opima opima Bolli.—Blow, 1969:353, pl. 39, fig. 3 [lower Oligocene Zone N1 (=P20), Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameter = 0.60 mm].—Jenkins, 1971:128, pl. 13, figs. 354-357 [Oligocene, Duntroonian-Whaingaroan Stage, South Island, New Zealand; max. diameter = 0.49 mm and 0.40 mm]. —Quilty, 1976:646, pl. 13, figs. 12, 13 [Oligocene Zone N2/N3, DSDP Hole 320B, southeastern Pacific Ocean; max. diameters = 0.34 mm and 0.37 mm].
Globorotalia opima Bolli.—Postuma, 1971:344, pl. on p. 345 [Oligocene, Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameter = 0.50 mm].
Turborotalia (Turborotalia) opima opima (Bolli).—Fleisher, 1974:1036, pl. 19, fig. 12 [lower Oligocene Zone P20/P21, DSDP Site 223, Arabian Sea; max. diameter = 0.45 mm].
Paragloborotalia opima (Bolli).—Cifelli and Scott, 1986, figs. 1c and 1g [?Trinidad].—Leckie and others, 1993:125, pl. 7, figs. 3 [upper Oligocene Subzone P21b, ODP Hole 803D, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameter = 0.54 mm], 4 [upper Oligocene Zone P22, ODP Hole 628A, Little Bahama Bank, western North Atlantic Ocean; max. diameter = 0.42 mm (?specimen reworked)], 9 [lower Oligocene Zone P20, ODP Hole 803D, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameter = 0.44 mm].—Olsson and others, 2006, pl. 5.8, figs. 13-15 (holotype re-illustrated by SEM).—Rincón and others, 2007:305, pl. 2, fig. 5a-c [upper Oligocene Paragloborotalia opima Zone, Carmen Fm., Colombia; max. diameter = 0.41 mm].—Wade and others, 2007:pl. I, figs. n-o [upper Oligocene Zone O5, ODP Hole 1218B, equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameters = 0.40 mm, 0.46 mm].―Wade and others, 2016:440-441, pl. 1, fig. 2 (holotype SEM re-illustrated), pl. 1, fig. 3 (new SEM of paratype of Globorotalia opima opima Bolli), pl. 3, figs. 1a-1d, 4a-4d, pl. 4, fig. 5 [lower Oligocene Zone O3/O4, IODP Hole U1334A, equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameters = 0.35 mm, 0.37 mm, 0.48 mm], pl. 3, figs. 2a-2d, pl. 4, figs. 1a-4, pl. 5, figs. 1a-5d [upper Oligocene Zone O5, IODP Hole U1334A, equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameters = 0.35 mm, 0.38 mm, 0.40 mm, 0.46 mm, 0.49 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.51 mm, 0.54 mm], pl. 3, figs. 3a-3b [lower Oligocene Zone O1/O2, IODP Hole U1334A, equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameter = 0.36 mm].
Paragloborotalia opima opima (Bolli).—Spezzaferri and Premoli Silva, 1991:248, pl. XI, figs. 5a-6b [lower Oligocene Subzone P21a, DSDP Hole 538A, Gulf of Mexico; max. diameter = 0.40 mm and 0.38 mm].—Spezzaferri, 1994:53-54, pl. 20, figs. 5a-c (reproduced from Spezzaferri and Premoli Silva, 1991).
Specimen ex interc. Globorotalia (Turborotalia) opima nana/G. (T.) opima opima (Bolli).—Blow, 1969, pl. 39, fig. 2 [lower Oligocene Zone N1 (=P20), Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameter = 0.37 mm].
Globorotalia nana Bolli.—Postuma, 1971:340, pl. on p. 341 [Oligocene, Trinidad; max. diameter = 0.33 mm]. [Not Bolli, 1957.]
Globorotalia opima nana‒opima opima Bolli transition.—Bolli and Saunders, 1985, fig. 26.21-23 [Oligocene Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad; max. diameters = 0.42 mm, 0.38 mm, and 0.40 mm].
Paragloborotalia opima–nana (Bolli) transition.—Wade and others, 2007:pl. I, figs. h-m [upper Oligocene Zone O5, ODP Hole 1218B, equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameters = 0.35, 0.35 mm, 0.36 mm, and 0.37 mm].
Paragloborotalia pseudocontinuosa (Jenkins).—Wade and others, 2007, pl. II, figs. l, m [upper Oligocene Zone O5, ODP Hole 1218B, equatorial Pacific Ocean; max. diameters = 0.47 mm and 0.40 mm (scales corrected)]. [Not Jenkins, 1967.]
Not Globorotalia opima subsp. opima Bolli.—Jenkins, 1960:366, pl. 5, fig. 3a-c [upper Oligocene pre-Globoquadrina dehiscens dehiscens Zone, Lakes Entrance Oil Shaft, Victoria, Australia] (= Ciperoella ciperoensis).
Not Turborotalia siakensis opima (Bolli).—Chaproniere, 1981:124, figs. 11.Ca-c [Oligocene Zone N3/N4, Ashmore Reef No. 1 well, eastern Indian Ocean; max. diameter = 0.31 mm] (= P. nana).
Not Paragloborotalia opima opima (Bolli).—Cifelli, 1982 (partim), pl. 2, fig. 1 [upper Oligocene Globorotalia opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad (given in plate caption as Globorotalia opima); max. diameter 0.25 mm] (?= Globorotaloides), fig. 2 [upper Oligocene Globorotalia opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad (given in plate caption as Globorotalia opima); max. diameter 0.22 mm] (= P. nana).
Not Paragloborotalia opima (Bolli).—Li and others, 2005:19, pl. 2, figs. 25, 26 [upper Oligocene Zone P22, ODP Site 1148, South China Sea; max. diameter of specimens = P. nana).
Not Paragloborotalia opima (Bolli) transitional form to P. nana (Bolli).—Rincón and others, 2007:305, pl. 10, fig. 6 a-c [lower Oligocene Turborotalia ampliapertura Zone, San Jacinto Fm., Colombia; max. diameter = 0.29 mm] (= P. nana).

Taxonomic discussion:

As P. opima and P. nana are destinguished by their size (e.g., Bolli and Saunders, 1985; Wade and others, 2016) it is very important to determine the size of their holotypes. Bolli (1957) stated that the holotype of P. opima was 0.55 mm, however, our investigations indicate this is incorrect. Adding to the confusion, the holotype of P. opima was first illustrated by SEM in Olsson and others (2006) (pl. 5.8, figs. 13-15), however, the scale bar in the figure is not accurate. Through this work we re-examined the holotype at the USMN have determined that the 5 chambered holotype specimen (USNM P5659) is 0.45 mm, and the 4 chambered paratype (USNM 5660) is 0.48 mm.

Bolli and Saunders (1985) referred to specimens of the opima-nana plexus that were between 0.32 and 0.39 mm as ‘transitional’ intermediate forms. However, given the stratigraphic utility of P. opima it is critical to classify the transitional forms for recognition of the base of Zone O6. Morphometric analysis was conducted on specimens of the opima-nana plexus from IODP Site U1334 in the equatorial Pacific Ocean by Wade and others (2016). They determined that shape outline (quadrateness) and number of chambers were not useful criteria to separate the two forms and concluded that size was the only delimiting character. The ‘transitional’ forms of Bolli and Saunders (1985) (i.e., >0.32 mm) are thus consistent with P. opima.

Both P. nana and P. opima typically possess the same number of chambers in the final whorl, indicating that the increased size in P. opima is not a form of heterochrony but giantism of the ancestral P. nana form (Wade and others, 2016). [Leckie et al. 2018]

Distinguishing features:
Parent taxon (Paragloborotalia): Very low trochospiral test with low-arched umbilical-extraumbilical aperture with a thick lip; 4-5 chambers in the ultimate whorl, and a coarsely cancellate, sacculifer-type wall.
This taxon: Like P. nana but larger (>0.32mm)

Description

Test large in size; very low trochospiral, generally quadrate to slightly lobulate in equatorial outline, chambers globular, inflated, embracing; commonly 4, sometimes 4½-5 chambers in ultimate whorl, increasing moderately in size; in spiral view chambers moderately to strongly inflated, spherical to subspherical, arranged in 2-2½ whorls, sutures depressed, radial, ultimate chamber may be slightly reduced in size; in umbilical view chambers strongly inflated, spherical, sutures depressed, radial, umbilicus very narrow to nearly closed, moderately deep, sometimes closed off by surrounding chambers, ultimate chamber may be slightly reduced in size; aperture umbilical-extraumbilical, low arch, bordered by a narrow, often thickened, continuous rim or lip; in edge view chambers globular, spiral side nearly flat to slightly depressed, periphery broadly rounded. [Leckie et al. 2018]

Normal perforate, coarsely cancellate, probably sparsely spinose in life, heavy gametogenetic calcification is often present.

Maximum diameter of holotype 0.45 mm, maximum thickness 0.31 mm (this study). [Leckie et al. 2018]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Cosmopolitan, including the tropics and high northern latitudes, e.g., Site 407 (63oN) (Poore, 1979). Larger and more abundant in eutrophic environments (Wade and others, 2007, 2016). [Leckie et al. 2018]

Multispecies stable isotope analyses by Biolzi (1983) and Poore and Matthews (1984) suggest a thermocline habitat, consistent with Wade and others (2007) and Matsui and others (2016). [Leckie et al. 2018]

Evolved from P. nana in lower Oligocene Zone O2, and did not leave any descendants. [Leckie et al. 2018]

Most likely ancestor: Paragloborotalia nana - at confidence level 4 (out of 5). Data source: Leckie et al. 2018.

Biostratigraphic distribution

Geological Range:
Notes: Paragloborotalia opima has a restricted stratigraphic range relative to P. nana and P. siakensis, a feature that has been utilized in biostratigraphic schemes (e.g., Bolli, 1957; Bolli and Saunders, 1985; Berggren and others, 1995; Berggren and Pearson, 2005; Wade and others, 2011). Its base occurrence has been calibrated to 30.6 Ma (Berggren and others, 1995). The highest occurrence of P. opima defines the O5/O6 zonal boundary at 27.5 Ma within Chron C9n (Wade and others, 2007, 2011, 2016). [Leckie et al. 2018]
Last occurrence (top): at top of O5 zone (100% up, 26.9Ma, in Chattian stage). Data source: Leckie et al. 2018
First occurrence (base): in upper part of O2 zone (80% up, 30.6Ma, in Rupelian stage). Data source: Leckie et al. 2018 f5.1

References:

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Berggren, W. A. & Pearson, P. N. (2005). A revised tropical to subtropical Paleogene planktonic foraminiferal zonation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research. -. gs

Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V., Swisher, I. , C. C. & Aubry, M. -P. (1995b). A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In, Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V., Aubry, M. -P. & Hardenbol, J. (eds) Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlations. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication No. 54, 129-212. gs

Biolzi, M. (1983). Stable isotopic study of Oligocene-Miocene sediments from DSDP Site 354, equatorial Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology. 8: 121-139. gs

Blow, W. H. (1969). Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy. In, Bronnimann, P. & Renz, H. H. (eds) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils, Geneva, 1967. E J Brill, Leiden 380-381. gs

Bolli, H. M. & Saunders, J. B. (1985). Oligocene to Holocene low latitude planktic foraminifera. In, Bolli, H. M., Saunders, J. B. & Perch-Neilsen, K. (eds) Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 155-262. gs

Bolli, H. M. (1957b). Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. In, Loeblich, A. R. , Jr., Tappan, H., Beckmann, J. P., Bolli, H. M., Montanaro Gallitelli & E. Troelsen, J. C. (eds) Studies in Foraminifera. U.S. National Museum Bulletin . 215: 97-123. gs

Chaproniere, G. C. H. (1981). Late Oligocene to Early Miocene planktic Foraminiferida from Ashmore Reef no. 1 well, northwest Australia. Alcheringa. 5: 103-131. gs

Cifelli, R. & Scott, G. H. (1986). Stratigraphic record of the Neogene globorotaliid radiation (Planktonic Foraminiferida). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 58: 101-. gs

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test outline:	Lobate	chamber arrangement:	Trochospiral	edge view:	Equally biconvex	aperture:	Umbilical-extraumbilical
sp chamber shape:	Globular	coiling axis:	Low	periphery:	N/A	aperture border:	Thick lip
umb chbr shape:	Globular	umbilicus:	Narrow	periph margin shape:	Broadly rounded	accessory apertures:	None
spiral sutures:	Weakly depressed	umb depth:	Shallow	wall texture:	Cancellate	shell porosity:	Macroperforate: >2.5µm
umbilical or test sutures:	Moderately depressed	final-whorl chambers:	4-5	N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not applicable