K_S 1983 15-1.JPG
K_S 1983 15-1.JPGThe species Globigerinoides parawoodi was established by Keller (1981) to include specimens of Globigerinoides that she thought derived from Globoturborotalita woodi. However, the holotype of G. parawoodi does not show direct lineage affinity with G. woodi (Plate 9.3, Figs. 8, 12, 16, this chapter). On the contrary, the holotype of G. parawoodi strongly resembles in outline and wall texture Globigerinoides italicus Mosna and Vercesi 1975 (even if the wall of G. italicus is more heavily calcified and recrystallized). Globigerinoides parawoodi Keller is here placed in synonymy with G. italicus by comparing the holotypes of the two species (Plate 9.3). Although Globigerinoides parawoodi Keller has been the more commonly used name, G. italicus has been also cited by Brambilla and others (1983); and in the geological map of Italy N. 369 (Centamore and others, 2006). Therefore, we have synonymized the two species and retained the name G. italicus as the senior synonym. Confusingly the so-called “holotype” of G. parawoodi documented by Keller (1981, pl. 4, figs. 6-8) is composed of two specimens, the image of the spiral side (pl. 4, fig. 6) shows a sinistrally coiled specimen, whereas the image of the umbilical side shows a dextrally coiled specimen (pl. 4, fig. 8). In addition neither of the two documented images corresponds to the holotype deposited at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. with the reference number 307083 (Plate 9.3, Figs. 8, 12, 16). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Catalog entries: Globigerinoides italicus, Globigerinoides parawoodi
Type images:
holotype: G. italicus
holotype: G. italicus
holotype: G. italicus
paratype: G. italicus
paratype: G. italicus
paratype: G. italicus
paratype: G. italicus
paratype: G. italicus
paratype: G. italicusDistinguishing features:
Parent taxon (Globigerinoides): Supplementary apertures, with ruber/sacculifer-type spinose wall texture
This taxon: Primary aperture, an inverse drop-like and elongated arch, higher than it is wider
Globigerinoides italicus is distinguished from all other species of Globigerinoides by the size, shape and position of the primary aperture, an inverse drop-like and elongated arch, higher than it is wider. It differs from G. bollii by the shape and position of the primary aperture and the slightly more lobate outline. It differs from G. subquadratus by having 3½ to 4 chambers in the last whorl instead of 3 and its narrower primary aperture. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Character matrix
| test outline: | Ovate | chamber arrangement: | Trochospiral | edge view: | Equally biconvex | aperture: | Umbilical |
| sp chamber shape: | Globular | coiling axis: | Low-moderate | periphery: | N/A | aperture border: | N/A |
| umb chbr shape: | Globular | umbilicus: | Wide | periph margin shape: | Broadly rounded | accessory apertures: | Sutural |
| spiral sutures: | Strongly depressed | umb depth: | Deep | wall texture: | Cancellate | shell porosity: | Macroperforate: >2.5µm |
| umbilical or test sutures: | Strongly depressed | final-whorl chambers: | 3.5-4 | N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not applicable | |||
Most likely ancestor:
Globigerinoides neoparawoodi - at confidence level 2 (out of 5). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018.
Likely descendants: Globigerinoides bollii; Globigerinoides subquadratus;
plot with descendants
Geological Range:
Notes: This species was described from the lower Pliocene of western Liguria, Italy; however, due to the synonymy of G. parawoodi Keller with G. italicus, its range should be extended to the top of Subzone M1a in the lower Miocene within the range distribution of P. kugleri. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Last occurrence (top): within Early Pliocene Sub-Epoch (3.60-5.33Ma, top in Zanclean stage). Data source:
First occurrence (base): within M1a subzone (22.44-22.96Ma, base in Aquitanian stage). Data source:
Plot of occurrence data:
Primary source for this page: Spezzaferri et al. 2018 - Olig Atlas chap.9 p.278
Brambilla, G., Cantaluppi, G. & Lualdi, A. (1983). Panorama generale del Pliocene nel bergamasco. Rivista Museo Scienze Naturali di Bergamo. 6: 3-25. gs Centamore, E., Crescenti, U. & Dramis, F. (2006). Note Illustrative della carta geologica d'Italia alla scala 1: 50.000, Servizio Geologico d'Italia. 369: 1-159. gs Keller, G. (1981a). Origin and evolution of the genus Globigerinoides in the Early Miocene of the northwestern Pacific, DSDP Site 292. Micropaleontology. 27(3): 293-304. gs Kennett, J. P. & Srinivasan, M. S. (1983). Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 1-265. gs Mosna, S. & Vercesi, P. L. (1975). Globigerinoides italicus nuova specie del Pliocene inferiore ligure. Atti dell'Istituto geologico dell' Universita di Pavia. 25: 14-15. gs Spezzaferri, S. (1994). Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and taxonomy of the Oligocene and lower Miocene in the oceanic record. An overview. Palaeontographia Italica. 81: 1-187. gs Spezzaferri, S., Olsson, R. K. & Hemleben, C. (2018c). Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Oligocene to Lower Miocene Globigerinoides and Trilobatus. In, Wade, B. S., Olsson, R. K., Pearson, P. N., Huber, B. T. & Berggren, W. A. (eds) Atlas of Oligocene Planktonic Foraminifera. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication . 46(Chap 9): 269-306. gs References:
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Globigerinoides italicus compiled by the pforams@mikrotax project team viewed: 21-5-2026
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