Pontosphaera variabilis Halldal & Markali (1955) - according to Kleijne 1993. Note, however, that the name Syracosphaera variabilis (Halldal & Markali) Okada & McIntyre was widely applied to S. anthos.
Variants: Three types of S. nodosa can be distinguished, primarily on XC morphology (Young et al. 2003). The XC types do not co-occur on single coccospheres and probably are indicative of separate (sub-)species:
Type A - XC rim smooth, no slits; the most common form.
Type B - XCs with dentate periphery and wide central plate, BCs delicate, lacking central mound. Distinguished as Syracosphaera sp. type B by Kleijne (1993) and Syracosphaera serrata by Kleijne & Cros (2009)
Type C - XC with broad rim, elements slits occurring between each element. BCs apparently with higher rim than in type A. Distinguished as Syracosphaera sp. aff. nodosa by Cros & Fortuño 2002.
Distinguishing features: Parent taxon (nodosa type): XCs planoliths, circular to elliptical, radial cycle variably developed, form complete exotheca. BCs muroliths with proximal flange; wall slightly flaring; no spines; sharp radial laths. CFCs with spines (except Syracosphaera leptolepis) This taxon: BC wall flaring, XCs wheel-like
Morphology: XCs - circular, wheel-like, (2.5-3.5 µm); flat; broad rim; radial cycle well-developed, showing sinistral obliquity in distal view; central plate +/- square, formed of two overlapping elements. (NB S. rotula XCs are superficially similar, but with a narrower rim, longer laths, and a marginal wall). BCs - elliptical (1.5-2.5 µm) wall flaring, with characteristic vertical ribs on outer surface, flat-topped (non-corrugated); low mound in centre. CFCs with strong spine, ca. 1.3 µm high.
Biology & life-cyclesA single possible combination coccosphere with Helladosphaera cornifera was ilustrated by Cros et al. 2000.
Lith size: 1.5->3µm; Coccosphere size: 6->9µm; Liths per sphere: 30->50 Data source notes: lith length (BCs) from ODs & illustrated specimens; csph data from Cros & Fortuño 2003; lith numbers from Yang & Wei 2003, range of estimates
The morphological data given here can be used on the advanced search page. See also these notes
Geological Range: Last occurrence (top): Extant. Data source: present in the plankton (Young et al. 2003) First occurrence (base): within Quaternary Period (0.00-2.59Ma, base in Gelasian stage). Data source: [JRY rough estimate]
Plot of occurrence data:
Range-bar - range as quoted above, pink interval top occurs in, green interval base occurs in.
Triangles indicate an event for which a precise placement has been suggested
Histogram - Neptune occurrence data from DSDP and ODP proceedings. Pale shading <50 samples in time bin. Interpret with caution & read these notes
Cerino, F., Malinverno, E., Fornasaro, D., Kralj, M. & Cabrini, M. (2017). Coccolithophore diversity and dynamics at a coastal site in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 196: 331-345. gs
Cros, L. & Fortuño, J. -M. (2002). Atlas of northwestern Mediterranean coccolithophores. Scientia Marina. 66: 1-186. gs
Heimdal, B. R. & Gaarder, K. R. (1981). Coccolithophorids from the northern part of the eastern central Atlantic II. Heterococcolithophorids. “Meteor” Forschungsergebnisse. 33: 37-69. gs
Kamptner, E. (1941). Die Coccolithineen der Südwestküste von Istrien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 51: 54-149. gsO
Kleijne, A. & Cros, L. (2009). Ten new extant species of the coccolithophore Syracosphaera and a revised classification scheme for the genus. Micropaleontology. 55(5): 425-462. gs
Kleijne, A. (1993b). Morphology, Taxonomy and distribution of extant coccolithophorids (Calcareous nannoplankton). PhD Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 1-321. gs
Okada, H. & McIntyre, A. (1977). Modern coccolithophores of the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Micropaleontology. 23(1): 1-55. gs
Thomsen, H. A. (2016). Baltic Sea coccolithophores – an overview of insights into their taxonomy and ecology from the last 40 years. Journal of Nannoplankton Research. 36(2): 97-119. gsO
Yang, T. -N., Wei, K. & Wu, J. -T. (2012). Marine coccolithophores around Taiwan. Biodiversity Research Center, Academica Sinica, Taipei. 1-96. gs
Young, J. R., Geisen, M., Cros, L., Kleijne, A., Probert, I. & Ostergaard, J. B. (2003). A guide to extant coccolithophore taxonomy. Journal of Nannoplankton Research. S1: 1-132. gs
Syracosphaera nodosa compiled by Jeremy R. Young, Paul R. Bown, Jacqueline A. Lees viewed: 17-3-2025
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