radiolaria - rads_cenozoic - Spongotrochus glacialis

Citation: Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky 1908

Basionym: Spongotrochus glacialis

Synonyms:
1908 Spongotrochus glacialis - Popofsky pl. 26, fig. 8; pl. 27, fig. 1; pl. 28, fig. 2
1958 Spongotrochus (?) glacialis - Riedel pl. 2, figs. 1-2; textfig. 1
1966 Spongotrochus cf. glacialis - Benson pl. 11, fig. 4
1967 Spongotrochus glacialis - Petrushevskaya figs. 21-22
1974 Spongotrochus glacialis - Lozano fig. 4 (12)
1974 Spongotrochus glacialis - Petrushevskaya not figured
1974 Spongotrochus glacialis - Petrushevskaya and Bjørklund fig. 5
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis - Molina-Cruz p. 126; not figured
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis gr. - Petrushevskaya p. 575; pl. 5, fig. 8; pl. 35, figs. 1-6
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis - Robertson pl. 2, fig. 26
1976 Spongotrochus glacialis - Bjørklund pl. 11, fig. 8; pl. 14, fig. 18; pl. 20, figs. 2-3
1979 Spongotrochus glacialis gr. - Nigrini and Moore pl. 15, figs. 2a-d
1980 Spongotrochus glacialis - Boltovskoy and Riedel p. 117; pl. 3, fig. 15
1981 Spongotrochus glacialis - Takahashi and Honjo pl. 4, fig. 17
1983 Spongotrochus glacialis - Anderson not figured
1983 Spongotrochus sp. cf. S. glacialis - Benson p. 508; pl. 5, fig. 3
1983 Spongotrochus glacialis - Blueford figs. 5c-d
1985 Spongotrochus glacialis - Boltovskoy and Jankilevich pl. 3, fig. 10
1987 Spongotrochus glacialis - Boltovskoy and Riedel pl. 2, fig. 26
1987 Spongotrochus glacialis - Dworetzky and Morley pl. 2, fig. 8
1991 Spongotrochus glacialis - Molina-Cruz fig. 2.4
1991 Spongotrochus glacialis - Takahashi p. 86; pl. 19, fig. 10
1992 Spongotrochus glacialis - Swanberg and Eide not figured
1995 Spongotrochus glacialis - Schröder-Ritzrau pl. 3, fig. 2
1995 Spongotrochus glacialis - van de Paverd p. 155; pl. 41, fig. 4
1996 Spongotrochus glacialis - Welling pl. 11, figs. 11-13
1998 Spongotrochus glacialis - Bjørklund et al. pl. 1, fig. 3
1998 Spongotrochus glacialis - Boltovskoy fig. 15.61
1998 Spongotrochus glacialis - Dolven pl. 8, figs. 1-2

From Suzuki Paleotax db:

1908 Spongotrochus glacialis n. sp. Popofsky p. 228-229, pl. 26, fig. 8, pl. 27, fig. 1, pl. 28, fig. 2
1912 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Popofsky p. 145
1958 Spongotrochus (?) glacialis Popofsky Riedel p. 227-228, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, text-fig. 1
1963 Spongotrochus (?) glacialis Popofsky Huelsemann p. 18-22, text-figs. 10, 11
1967 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Petrushevskaya p. 43-47, 51-53
1969 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Goll fig. 1.6
1971 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Bandy & Casey pl. 3, fig. 2
1971 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Casey pl. 23.1, figs. 4, 5
1973 Spongotrochus (?) glacialis Popofsky Kling p. 635, pl. 2, figs. 4-6
1973 Spontotrochus glacialis Popofsky Bjørklund pl. 1, fig. o
1974 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Ling p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 11
1974 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Petrushevskaya & Bjørklund p. 39, text-fig. 5
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Chen p. 455, pl. 24, figs. 5, 6
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Keany & Kennett pl. 1, fig. 12
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky King pl. 1, fig. 2
1975 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky group Petrushevskaya p. 575, pl. 5, fig. 8, pl. 34, fig. 6, pl. 35, figs. 1-6
1976 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Bjørklund pl. 11, fig. 8, pl. 14, fig. 18, pl. 20, figs. 2, 3
1976 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Tan & Tchang p. 256-257, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4
1977 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Casey & McMillen pl. 1, fig. 10
1977 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Casey pl. 1, fig. 1
1978 Spongotrochus glacialis (Popofsky) group [sic] Dzinoridze et al. pl. 39, figs. 10-13
1978 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Dow pl. 1, fig. 6
1978 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky McMillen & Casey pl. 3, fig. 15
1979 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Casey et al. fig. 2.14
1979 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Casey et al. fig. 5.24
1979 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Keany p. 54, pl. 2, figs.9, 10, pl. 5, fig. 7
1979 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky group Nigrini & Moore S117-118, pl. 15, figs. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d
1980 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Boltovskoy & Riedel p. 117, pl. 3, fig. 15
1981 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Takahashi & Honjo p. 149, pl. 4, fig. 17
1982 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Nakaseko & Nishimura p.105, pl.29, figs.1-3, pl.30, figs.1-2, pl.31, figs.1-2, pl.34, figs.1-3, pl.35, figs.1-3, pl.60, 5
1983 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky group Blueford fig. 5.c
1983 Spongotrochus sp. cf. S. glacialis Popofsky Benson pl. 5, fig. 3
1984 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky group Nigrini & Lombari S79-S80, pl. 11, fig. 2
1985 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Boltovskoy & Jankilevich pl. 3, fig. 10
1985 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Morley & Stepien pl. 1, fig. 6
1986 Spongotrochus (?) glacialis Popofsky Levyikina p. 103, pl. 15, fig. 7
1986 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Morley & Kohl pl. 3, fig. 7
1986 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Yamauchi pl. 3, fig. 16
1987 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Akers et al. p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 6, 8
1987 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Dworetzky & Morley pl. 2, fig. 8
1988 Spongodiscus (Spongotrochus) glacialis Popovsky [sic] Tochilina et al. pl. 2, fig. 3
1989 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Kruglikova pl. 19.4, fig. 1 (non 2)
1989 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Kruglikova pl. 19.4, fig. 2 (non 1)
1990 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Abelmann p. 693
1991 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Takahashi p. 84, pl. 19, fig. 10
1992 Spongotrochus aff. glacialis Popofsky Gladenkov & Devyatkin pl. 26, fig. 1
1993 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky, group Sharma & Singh pl. 2, fig. 16
1993 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky, group Sharma & Singh pl. 2, fig. 17 (only)
1996 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Chen & Tan p. 191, pl. 18, figs. 4, 5, pl. 44, figs. 5, 6
1997 Spongotrochus aff. glacialis Popofsky Hollis p. 52-53, pl. 9, figs. 18, 19
1998 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Tan p. 241-242, pl. 18, figs. 3, 5, 6
1999 Spongodiscus glacialis Popofsky/osculosa Dreyer Cortese & Bjørklund fig. 20.A
1999 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Tan & Chen p. 234, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10
2017 Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky Chen et al. p. 147, pl. 41, fig. 6; pl. 42, figs. 1, 2

Taxonomic discussion: Popofsky 1908; Petrushevskaya 1975 (DSDP 29) p 575 pl 5 fig 8;Nigrini & Moore 197; Abelmann 1992 (ODP 120 SR) p 777 (synonymy)

Original description: Schale linsenförmig, bikonvex, kreisrund, ohne Äquatorialgürtel und spongiöse Arme, aber die ganze Schale, nicht nur wie bei den vorigen der Rand mit Stacheln besetzt. Schale aus feinem Schwammgerüst, ohne irgendwelche Gitterplatten, in der Mitte dunkler, nach dem Rand zu heller, Maschenwerk innen und außen gleichartig. Der Rand und auch die gewölbten Seiten des Skelettes mit zum Teil kräftigen, verschieden großen Stacheln besetzt. Dreizehn bis etwa zwanzig oder mehr kräftige Stacheln, so lang und länger als der Scheibendurchmesser, sind unregelmäßig verteilt. Zwischen den großen Stacheln zahlreiche kleinere, welche nur ein Viertel so lang als die großen sind. Scheibe ohne Andeutung von Ringen oder spiraligen Windungen. Rand der Scheibe uneben, dornig von den kurzen Enden der Skelettfäden.
[Shell lenticular, biconvex, circular, without any equatorial girdle and spongious arms, but with many spines not only located on the border. Shell constituted by a fine spongious meshwork, without any porous plate; darker in its middle, it is clearer towards the border. Inner and external mesh work similar. The border and also the arched side of the skeleton bear spines of different size. Thirty to twenty, or more, strong spines, as long, or longer, than the shell diameter, irregularly distributed. Between these long spines, numerous smaller spines, only a quarter as long as the long ones. Disc with no annular or sinuous border. Shell border irregular, with thorns at the external ends of the thin skeleton beams. (In German. Translation by J.P.C.)]
Disc diameter 200-240µm. Length of large spines, up to 220µm, of small spines 60µm. Width of larger spines, up to 10µm.

Description

Riedel 1958 - Spongotrochus glacialis

Shell biconvex-discoidal, consisting of a spiny disc of spongy structure which is in some (fully developed ?) individuals surrounded by a lenticular lattice-shell. Spongy disc thickened in its central portion (a quarter to a half of its total diameter), with numerous acicular or acutely conical spines of different lengths around its circumference and in most specimens also on the two surfaces, particularly on the thickened central portion. When present, the enclosing lenticular lattice-shell is apparently in contact with the spongy disc at or near its circumference, but it is separated by a distinct space from its two surfaces. In most specimens, the spines arising from the thickened central part of the spongy disc penetrate the lattice-shell. The lattice-shell has an uneven surface, with subcircular or circular pores of varying sizes, the diameters of which are a half to ten times as great as the breadth of the intervening bars.

Dimensions: Diameter of shell 195-465 micrometer. Length of free parts of spines on circumference 5-170 micrometer (often about 70 micrometer).

Benson 1966 - Spongotrochus glacialis

Benson, 1966, p. 218-219; pl. 11, fig. 4; text-fig. 16: Spongotrochus cf. glacialis Popofsky ?Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky, 1908, Deutsche Sdpolar-Exped., vol. 10, pp. 228-229, Pl. 26, fig. 8, Pl. 27, fig. 1, Pl. 28, fig. 2. Test circular in outline, spongy-appearing, with a thick, biconvex, circular central region surrounded by a thinner flattened margin; with a variable number (5-30 or more) of cylindrical to conical radial spines arising from both surfaces as well as from the margin of the disc and continuous within the test as radial beams which do not reach the center. Internal structure of central biconvex region consisting of several closely and equally spaced, concentric, discoidal shells; flattened margin of test consisting of several concentric and closely spaced latticed rings between the two parallel latticed plates of the margin; the latticed plates cover the central area as well as the margin but are not distinct from the inner shells (these relationships illustrated in text-fig. 16). Radial spines of variable number and state of development, but their inward continuations as beams are generally visible.

Measurements: based on 30 specimens from stations 27, 46, and 81: diameter of disc 111-332 µm, of central dark area 43-123 µm; length of radial spines 6-86 µm.

Remarks: Because of Popofsky's poor illustrations of Spongotrochus glacialis the Gulf species is only tentatively identified with it. S. brevispinus Haeckel (1862, p. 462, P1. 27, figs. 4, 5) differs from the Gulf species in the presence of more and shorter, more nearly equal radial spines and in the lack of a distinctly biconvex central region. No specimens conforming to Riedel's (1958, pp. 227-228, P1. 2, figs. 1, 2, text fig. 1) concept of S. glacialis were observed from the Gulf. Riedel states that in fully developed forms an outer lenticular lattice-shell is present in contact with the spongy disc at or near its circumference but separated by a distinct space from its two surfaces. No rudimentary structures of this shell were observed on the radial spines of the Gulf specimens. No specimens were observed with short, stout spines as in the majority of specimens Riedel studied.

Distribution: This species is rare but cosmopolitan in the Gulf. It is absent at stations 90, 130, 136, 194, 203, 206, 208, and 214. Its highest frequency (1.4%) was recorded from station 64 located in a region of upwelling off the Mexican mainland. Throughout the remainder of the Gulf it is very rare and undergoes no significant changes in frequency. It is of more general occurrence in the southern half of the Gulf than in the northern half and, therefore, is more nearly oceanic. Due to the uncertain taxonomic relationships of this species and others similar to it, little can be stated about its world-wide distribution. If later studies reveal its inclusion in Riedel's concept of S. glacialis, it then would have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring in the Antarctic as well as in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Petrushevskaya 1967 - Spongotrochus glacialis

Spongy skeleton in form of biconvex lens. Its structure examined in detail by Riedel: inner disk of dense spongy tissue encircled above and below by finer and looser spongy tissue. Surface of shell in adult specimens covered by porous simple mantle. Formation of a mantel in skeletons possessing spongy structure (in our material in Spongurus pylomaticus, Spongodiscus (?) osculosus, and Spongotrochus glacialis) is the result of the growth of spongy tissue, i.e. it signifies the growth of the skeleton. In these species the mantel is very thin, somewhat differentiated in its structure from the basic spongy tissue. Usually mantel developed only in central part, absent near margins, impression created that shell is covered by two caps or hoods. Mantle fused to main spongy tissue of disk. Numerous radial needle of various length and thickness. Needles faceted and expanded at base, extending fairly deeply into shell in form of radial pieces. These pieces laid down at the same time as the basic spongy tissue, constantly growing thicker with the growth of shell. Radial needles extending outside both around equator of shell and along entire surface. Strongest needles about 12 in number, distributed on margin of disk, not less than five stout needles are on each flattened side of shell. Space of spongy tissue observed on surface of disk as pores, of approximately same size as in Spongodiscus (?) setosus. Pores on mantle more regular and smaller. In adult large specimens marked pylome usually present, in form of funnel in spongy tissue, running through radius to center. Presence of pylome not remarked by Riedel; actually, it is noted in less than one-third of all specimens encountered.

Dimensions: diameter of disk (in adult specimens with mantle) 270-500 micrometer, diameter of spaces at margin of disk 8-12 micrometer, in center of disk about 5 micrometer, diameter of pores on porous plates of mantle 2-5 micrometer. Needles usually broken off more or less near to base, but even needles known to be incomplete are up to 200 micrometer long, thickness of needle at base up to 30 micrometer.

Morley 1977 - Spongotrochus glacialis

it is difficult to differentiate Spongopyle osculosa from Spongotrochus glacialis without its characteristic mantle and pylome...

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Biostratigraphic distribution

Geological Range:
Last occurrence (top): Extant. Data source: Lazarus et al. 2015 - "R age group"
First occurrence (base): within Quaternary Period (0.00-2.59Ma, base in Gelasian stage). Data source: Lazarus et al. 2015 - "R age group"

References:

Abelmann, A. (1992a). Early to Middle Miocene Radiolarian Stratigraphy of the Kerguelen Plateau, Leg 120. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. 120: 757-783. gs

Benson, R. N. (1966). Recent Radiolaria from the Gulf of California. Thesis, Minnesota University. 1-577. gs

Bjørklund, K. R. (1976). Radiolaria from the Norwegian Sea, Leg 38 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. 38: 1101-1168. gs

Boltovskoy, D. & Riedel, W. R. (1980). Polycystine Radiolaria from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean plankton. Revista Española de Micropaleontología. 12(1): 99-146. gs

Lozano, J. A. (1974). Antarctic sedimentary, faunal and sea surface temperature responses during the last 230,000 years with emphasis on comparison between 18,000 years ago and today. Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, New York. 1-400. gs

Molina-Cruz, A. (1975). Evidencia faunistica de intensificacion de las corrientes de fondo de la cuenca de Panama durante un estado glacial (Faunal evidence for the intensification of bottom currents of the Panama Basin during a glacial stage). Ciencias Marinas (Mexico). 2(1): 37-42. gs

Morley, J. J. (1977). Upper Pleistocene climatic variations in the South Atlantic derived from a quantitative radiolarian analysis: accent on thelast 18,000 y. Thesis, Columbia University, NY. 1-282. gs

Nigrini, C. A. & Moore, T. C. Jr. (1979). A guide to modern Radiolaria. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication. 16: 1-260. gs O

Petrushevskaya, M. G. & Bjørklund, K. R. (1974). Radiolarians in Holocene sediments of the Norwegian-Greenland seas. Sarsia. 57: 33-46. gs

Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1967). Radiolayarii otryadov Spumellaria i Nassellaria Antarkicheskoi oblasti (po materialam Sovetskoi Antarkitcheskikh Ekspeditsii). [Antarctic Spumelline and Nasselline radiolarians (from materials from the Soviet Antarctic Expedition)]. Issledovanie Faunyi Morey (Akademii Nauk SSSR) Leningrad. 4(12): 5-186. gs

Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975a). Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. 29: 541-675. gs O

Popofsky, A (1908). Die Radiolarien der Antarktis (mit Ausnahme der Tripyleen). Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. 10(3): 183-305. gs O

Riedel, W. R. (1958). Radiolaria in Antarctic sediments. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition Reports. 6(10): 217-255. gs

Robertson, J. H. (1975). Glacial to interglacial oceanographic changes in the northwest Pacific, including a continuous record of the last 400,000 years. Thesis, New York. 1-326. gs

Takahashi, K. (1991). Radiolaria: Flux, ecology, and Taxonomy in the Pacific and Atlantic. Ocean Biocoenosis Series. 3: 1-301. gs

Missing or ambiguous references: Petrushevskaya 1974; ;

Spongotrochus glacialis

Taxonomy

Description

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Biostratigraphic distribution

References:

Add Comment

Comments