Catalog - Candeina zeocenica

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Candeina zeocenica

Citation: Candeina zeocenica Hornibrook & Jenkins 1965

Type specimens: N.Z. Geological Survey Register No. TF 1494; holotype and 58 paratypes.

Type sample (& lithostrat): F 6398, N28/764. Matakohe Subdivision, 10 chains at 270° west of Skeleton's Hill, Paparoa; greensand from the Ruatungata Sandstone. Collected by J. Healy.

Type age (chronostrat): Lower part of Whaingaroan Stage (Lower Oligocene) .

Type locality: Skeleton's Hill, Paparoa, New Zealand

Type repository: Lower Hutt; N.Z. Geological Survey collections

Test small, free, globular, equatorial periphery lobulate, dextrally coiled; axial periphery rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate, thin, smooth, very finely pitted. Chambers spherical, 9, arranged in about 1½ whorls, with 5 in the first and about 3½ in the final whorl increasing slowly in size, proloculus diameter about 0.03 mm. Sutures on both spiral and umbilical sides curved, slightly depressed. Umbilicus closed. Multiple apertures, small openings in the sutures of the final chamber and the umbilical sutures with each opening separated by a small partition at right angles to the suture.

Maximum diameter of holotype 0.25 mm.

Introductory comments: A small species of Candeina has been known from Eocene and lower Oligocene rocks in New Zealand for a number of years, but has not previously been described.
In its general shape, chambering, wall structure, and sutural apertures it closely resembles Candeina nitida d'Orbigny from Recent seas, differing mainly in its smaller size.
The existence of two species of Candeina, one Eocene to Lower Oligocene, the other late Miocene and Recent, poses a problem as to whether they are unrelated homeomorphs or whether there is an undiscovered linking species of Candeina in the upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene.The classification of Candeina in the Orbulininae by Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan (1957), Banner and Blow (1959), and Loeblich and Tappan (1964) is based essentially on the overall shape and the presence of multiple sutural apertures. Such a classification seems to have little merit other than to group together Candeina, Orbulina, Porticulasphaera, and Globigerapsis in a common morphological diagnosis, quite irrespective of the fact that, apart from being supposedly planktonic in habit and similar in overall shape, with multiple sutural apertures, they are diverse in their origins and relationships.
It is doubtful whether Candeina should be classified with the globigerinids, as Reiss (1963, p. 55) has pointed out that it has a primarily single-layered wall in contrast with the bilamellid wall of the globigerinids and that its relationships seem nearer to the Buliminidea.

Total stratigraphic range: Bortonian Stage to Whaingaman Stage (Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene).

Remarks: In the type sample 56 unfigured paratypes of C. zeocenica have a coiling ratio of 30 sinistral and 26 dextral, and most of the specimens have 31 chambers in the final whorl with only a few having 3.
Candeina zeocenica n. sp. is similar in morphology to Candeina nitida d'Orbigny described from Recent deposits off Cuba and Jamaica (d'Orbigny, 1839, fide Ellis and Messina, 1940 et seq.). Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan (1957) gave the stratigraphic range of C. nitida as Miocene to Recent.
According to Reiss (1963) C. nitida has a monolamellar radial wall structure. A thin section of Candeina zeocenica from sample S146/683, Hampden Beach, shows the same type of test wall structure as C. nitida.
Both C. nitida and C. zeocenica have very finely perforate test walls. The pores in the test wall of Recent specimens of C. nitida from the Challenger station 388, 21° 15' S, 14° 2' W , 1,990 fathoms (Brady, 1884), are more numerous per unit area than in specimens of Candeina from the Hampden sample S146/683.
The removal of the final chamber in C. nitida and C. zeocenica reveals a small umbilical opening at the base of the antepenultimate chamber.
The sutural apertures of C. nitida are small, discrete, oval-shaped openings elongated along the sutures and surrounded by a thickened rim. The sutural apertures of C. zeocenica differ in not being elongated along the suture and in having small bar-like partitions separating the openings, which are elongated at right angles to the sutures. The sutural apertures of C. nitida are much better developed on the spiral side of the test than in C. zeocenica and are developed earlier in the test ontogeny.
The largest specimens of C. nitida from the Challenger station 388 are 0.51 mm diameter, but the largest specimen of C. zeocenica in the type sample is only 0.26 mm diameter.
Other described species attributed to Candeina include C. biloba Jedlitschka and C. triloba Jedlitschka, which were described from the Miocene of Czechoslovakia. Both species are forms from the Orbulina universa d'Orbigny lineage and are not regarded here as belonging to the genus Candeina. Both Candeina nitida var. triloba Cushman and C. milletti Dolfuss described from Recent deposits are probably variants of C. nitida d'Orb,

Leckie & Webb 1985 demonstrated similarities of C. zeocenica to C. antarctica and C. cecionii. The latter two species are now regarded as benthic (Malumian et al 2010), the same may apply to C. zeocenica [editor's comment - JRY 2018]

References:

Hornibrook, N. d. B. & Jenkins, D. G. (1965). Candeina zeocenica Hornibrook and Jenkins, a new species of foraminifera from the New Zealand Eocene and Oligocene. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 8: 839-842. gs

Leckie, R. M. & Webb, P. (1985). Candeina antarctica, n. sp. and the phylogenetic history and distribution of Candeina spp. In the Paleogene-Early Neogene of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 15(2): 65-78. gs

Malumián, N., Náñez, C. & Jannou, G. (2010). Antarcticella: a Paleogene typical foraminiferal genus from southernmost South America. In, X Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía y VII Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologíal La Plata. -. gs

Reiss, Z. (1963). Reclassification of perforate foraminifera. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Israel. 35: 1-111. gs

CATALOG OF ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS: Candeina zeocenica Hornibrook & Jenkins 1965

Candeina zeocenica

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